REPORT OF THE SOCIETY' 25 



in 1890 the calling of a conference of entomologists in order to find a more effective means of 

 destroying it. There also arose the question of a permanent organization to take charge of those 

 measures, and of a systematic study of locusts a^d other insect pests. As a result the local autho- 

 rities conceived the idea of establishing an entomological station, which started its work in the 

 spring of 1911. (1) 



The programme of the work of the station may be outlines as follows: 



The entomological station is an establishment of an apphed character; it studies the locust-^ 

 and the biology of other insect pestsof Turkestan, and also takes part both in organizing and in 

 working out measures for destro>ang them, by means of directing and handling .respectively, pro- 

 tective and destructive measures. 



As the most important aim of this entomological station was the study and organization of 

 measures to destroy the insect pests of Turkestan in general, the station made use of all its avail- 

 able scientific force for organizing rational measures of destroying the Moroccan and other locusts. 



The station studied the local locusts, their breeding places, distribution throughout the re- 

 gion, time of their spring appearance, stages of larvae, their manner of life and habits, their natural 

 enemies, laying of eggs, infection of the latter with parasites, etc. Owing to such detailed knowledge 

 of local lociasts ,it was possible to try new measures for their destruction with a greater confidence, 

 and to organize measures that wovild come up to modern standards of scientific knowledge on this 

 this subject. 



The second in importance among the pests is the Codling moth, which does enormous harm 

 to the increasing industry of orchard-gardening, and serious attention was paid by the station 

 to this pest. 



In addition the station studied other pests of gardens and vineyards, investigated their distri- 

 bution in the region, and tested effective measures for destroying them. 



The station also studied the pests found in fields and market garden^, and paid special atten- 

 tion to the pests of hops and beetroot which are the most valuable among the cultivated plants 

 of the province. 



The study of agricultural pests in the province of Turkestan shows that most of the pests 

 found there are the same as those found in middle and southern Russia. One must, however, 

 not« the absence of Phylloxera, and of Melolontha melolontha L. in Turkestan which is replaced by 

 Polyphylla adspersa, the destruction of which is even more difficult. 



The insect pests found only in Turkestan, are the following: Agelastica orienlalis Baly and 

 Pachydissus sartus Sols, which do great harm chiefly among the forest trees used for building. 

 Among the orchard-garden pests, the most serious one is the Codling moth which spoils and des- 

 troj's many pears and apples. Quite as much harm is caused by Grapholitha funebrana and Rhy- 

 nehites auralus. During the last few years the activity of the woolly apple aphis has also been 

 noticed. 



The results of the work of the station on the subject of insect pests have been recorded m a 

 number of papers and memoirs. 



RUSSIAN ENTOMOLOGY SINCE 1914. 



Reference has already been made to the rapid development of applied 

 ■entomology by the establishment of a large number of entomological stations 

 throughout Russia from 1S95 onward. Up to 1910 such stations had been esta- 

 blished in foui- southern provinces, but in 1914 there were 21 stations. During 

 the first years of the AVar the number of stations was increased, for the author- 

 ities saw the necessity of increasing the products of the farms, and to preserve 

 them from severe outbreaks of insect pests. In Transcaucasia bureaus were 

 established at Tiflis, Elisavetpol, Baku and Kutair, where an organization on a 

 very extensive scale was established under the charge of B. P. Uyarov. Each 

 bureau consisted of three sections, entomological, phytopathological and zoo- 

 logical (for the control of rodents.) The Tiflis bureau gave most attention to 

 orchard pests, to moles, and the pests of tobacco and vineyards; besides,it accu- 

 mulated much material and information on the insects of Transcaucasia. The 



(1) Under V. I. Plouikov, still in charge of the station. 



