LITTLE BROWN DOVE 215 
that into white on the abdomen and under tail-coverts ; under wing-coverts, 
axillaries, and flanks dark dove-grey. 
Measurements. Length 10 to 11 in. ( = 254 to 280 mm.); wing from 
4.75 in. (= 120.6 mm.) to 5.15 in. (= 130.8 mm.) and averaging about 
4.95 in. (= 125.7 mm.); tail 4.5 in. to 5.2 in. (= 114.3 to 132.1 mm.) ; bill 
at front .5 in. (= 12.7 mm.) and from gape about .7 in. (=17.7 mm.), 
tarsus about .8 in ( = 20.3 mm.). 
Colours of soft parts. Irides dark hazel-brown with an inner conspicu- 
ous ring of white; bill dark horny-brown, often nearly black; legs and feet 
pink-lake, pale scarlet or deep flesh-colour, the claws black. 
Female. Similar to the male. 
Measurements. According to Salvadori the female of this and the 
closely allied senegalensis, from Africa, are a trifle smaller than the male, but 
I cannot discover any such difference from the large series I have examined, 
though probably the female is more slender and lighter. 
Colours of soft parts, as in the male. 
Young are similar to the adult, but have no signs of the gorget of black- 
and-red feathers ; the head is duller, more brown, and less vinous-pink, and 
the scapulars and wing-coverts are narrowly tipped with pale dull rufous 
and subedged with a black band; the feathers of the upper-back are also 
obsoletely barred with darker. The breast is duller and less vinous-pink 
and the grey feathers of the wing are margined with rufous and submargined 
with dark grey. 
Young at an older stage than this have narrow whitish-rufous bars show- 
ing on wing-coverts and back, and also sometimes show the faintest indications 
of narrow bars on the breast. After the autumn-moult these all disappear 
and the gorget appears first in blackish spots, the black base of the feathers 
showing through the plumage before the rufous spots are developed. 
Nestling, in down. A dirty yellowish-fawn above and below. 
Distribution. Practically the whole of India west of Calcutta and 
a line drawn thence west of the rivers Hugli, Ganges, and Kosi. But even 
west of these rivers the Little Brown Dove is rare in all the very wet districts 
of eastern Bengal, and I believe only wanders into these during the dry 
months. Inglis does not report it as occurring in the Madhubani district 
of Behar, but it certainly occurs in other districts of that province, and it 
is found in Chutia Nagpur, though not commonly except in the comparatively 
dry districts of Hazaribagh and Ranchi. It is generally said to be absent 
from the Malabar coast, but Bourdillon notes that it is to be found in the dry 
region of the extreme south, not far from Cape Comorin, though by no means 
common even there. It is not found in Ceylon, but occurs in the Andamans, 
according to Osmaston, though he himself did not meet with it there, and it is 
probably extremely rare, or possibly the occurrences are only individuals 
which have escaped from captivity. It is not recorded thence by Hume, 
and Kloss and Butler also did not meet with it. Outside India it is found 
in Turkestan, Arabia, south Persia, Baluchistan, and Afghanistan. 
Nidification. Over the greater part of its range the Little Brown Dove 
breeds throughout the year, the months February to April, and again Sep- 
tember to November, being, perhaps, more favoured than the rest. In the 
hills, to which this bird is only a summer-visitor in the higher parts, it breeds 
more or less continuously from April to October. How many times a year 
