320 Mr. G. T. Bethune-Baker's Notes on the 



is a fairly simple hood excavated on the dorsum with two 

 well-curved cheeks excised on their upper margin, at the 

 rear of which are the robust well-curved falces ; the aedoeagus 

 is very close to 0. muhata, short, very broad, of uniform 

 width, with an obliquely truncated orifice ; the clasps are 

 robust, ham-shaped, with the knuckle end moderately 

 long and deeply excised in the middle so as to be hke the 

 nose of a pair of hollowed nippers ; the two clasps are joined 

 together near the rear by a broad bridge of chitine on the 

 upper edge, and by a narrow strong ridge on the lower 

 margin near the rear also ; this unusual method is no doubt 

 necessitated by the fact that the girdle does not exist in 

 the sternite. 



The genus Epitola is seen to be rightly placed among the 

 Lipteninae by the development of the girdle and the tegu- 

 men (PI. LIX, fig. 15), by the general " build " of the clasps 

 and markedly by the aedoeagus ; if we compare this latter 

 organ with that of Pseuderesia tripunctata the alhance 

 is at once apparent, as also the form of the clasps ; the 

 prominent saccus, i. e. the extension rearwards at the 

 base of the girdle, is also a somewhat important generic 

 character. The general outline of this genus {Pseuderesia) 

 and species is rather beautiful in the bold even curve of 

 the girdle, with its broad fine lateral curtains, each fusing 

 so neatly into the long elegant tegumen. The tegumen 

 shows its Ruralid root in the short strong falces at the 

 base of its small cheeks ; it will be noticed that the apex of 

 the tegumen is evenly excised to a slight extent. The girdle 

 in this genus seems to be peculiarly strongly developed; 

 there is an inner girdle (so to speak) consisting of a hollowed 

 and specially strengthened " stay " extending upwards from 

 the base to the back of the tegumen, and over this there 

 appears to be stretched a further outer girdle fitting like a 

 glove, fused with the tegumen and developing the delicate 

 lateral curtains already referred to. 



I have considered hitherto an ancient family, very large 

 and predominant but not generally speaking very highly 

 specialised, let us now examine a family that is perhaps 

 one of the most recently specialised of groups, viz. the 

 Nytnphalidae. Take the small but widely-spread genus 

 Apatura and the great genus Charaxes. If we look at the 

 figure of the former {Apatura iris) two points will at once 

 be evident : the form and development of the girdle with 

 its considerable enlargement of the saccus, and also the 



