Taxonomic value of Genital Armature in Lepidoptera. 321 



peculiar and prominent " uncal " projection of the tegumen 

 with its development of a special tubular anal orifice. 

 These are Nymphalid characteristics. Both these points 

 are better seen in the figure of Charaxes tiridofes, but I 

 consider they have reached their highest stage of develop- 

 ment in that genus, and therefore I refer to Apatura as 

 the more typical ; it will also be noticed that the clasps are 

 very large. The difference between the two genera is 

 observable at a glance ; the long uncus-like tegumen with a 

 similar but smaller formation at the base of the anal 

 orifice, the narrow girdle with its long and narrow saccus, 

 and the large broad and heavy clasps contrast strongly 

 with the short tegumen of Charaxes, where the under 

 projection of the anus is longer than the tegumen itself ; the 

 girdle with its very copious and long and broadish saccus 

 and its highly receding position, whilst the clasps though 

 large are of quite a different build to those of Apatura. 

 In both the genera the aedoeagus is very long, but in 

 Charaxes it is unusually long, and we find rising from the 

 clasps a support for it to rest on which is lacking in Apatura. 

 If we compare Limenifis with Neptis the same Nymphalid 

 characteristics are apparent, and equally good differences 

 between the genera exist. In Limenitis the girdle and the 

 tegumen are highly developed, the latter is very long and 

 has two arms, so to speak, as an attachment to the girdle, for 

 in this group they are not wholly fused ; the lower extremity 

 of the fore arm is the base of the anus, there being no 

 frontal projection in these cases ; the saccus is but poorly 

 represented, whilst the clasps are very large. In Neptis 

 lucilla the tegumen has a much fuller and more copious 

 hinder formation, whilst the uncal position is much less 

 prominent ; the clasps are different and have a cleft bifid 

 extremity almost reminding one of the Ruralidae. The 

 saccus is more prominent, and the girdle is a modified 

 formation of Limenitis. 



In Pararge maera the girdle remains fairly typical and 

 the anus still remains with a separated orifice (this marked 

 separation is, I believe, a vestige of a very primitive char- 

 acter) ; the tegumen is very copiously developed in the 

 rear, whilst added to the uncal apex are two small but 

 straight spikes, almost after the manner of the Everidae 

 only longer and finer but not jointed; the clasps are long 

 and narrow with toothed and finely serrated lower edges. 

 The aedoeagus is very small with two formidable spikes at 



