338 Mr. C. O. Farquharson’s Five Years’ Observations 
the pupa show great similarity to several of the Liptenines 
collected by Farquharson and described and figured by 
Dr. Eltringham in the present paper. The larvae of D. 
amakosa were gregarious and fed upon a common species 
of grass, Anthistiria ciliata. Numerous pupae were grouped 
close together, attached by a slight silken web to a rock. 
Nothing was known of the food-plant of Hewitsonia, but 
it is now certain that the larva had fed upon the filmy 
lichen encrusting the bark. 
Lamborn’s paper referred to on p. 337, with Dr. Eltring- 
ham’s description and figures of Hulz phyra (ibid., p. 509, 
pl. xxviii), brought a great advance; for we are here given 
an account, on pp. 446— 457, of the larval and pupal habits of 
three species —Aslauga vininga Hew., A. lamborni Beth.- 
Bak., and Fuliphyra mirifica Holl., and the pupal habits of 
three species of Hpitola, viz. ceraunia Hew., carcina Hew., and 
oniensis Beth.-Bak. Furthermore all six species are shown 
to be related to ants—for the first time in the Lipteninae. 
The larvae of the two first-named species fed upon ant- 
tended Coccidae, while Huliphyra was fed by the ant 
Oecophylla. It is unlikely, however, that such food’ is 
primitive in the Lipteninae any more than in the Lycae- 
ninae; and we owe to Farquharson the important dis- 
covery, briefly announced in Proc. Ent. Soc. 1917, p. 1x, 
that bark-encrusting lichens on trees bearing the carton 
nests of Cremastogaster ants form the food of many Lipte- 
nine larvae—in fact, with the exception of the grass eaten 
by Durbania, the only larval vegetable food-plant at 
present known in the whole group. "When we reflect that 
this, for a Lyecaenid, extraordinary larval food is common 
to forms so different as T'eratoneura, Hewitsonia, Epitola, 
Tridopsis, and Citrinophila, it becomes certain that it is 
wide-spread among Liptenines, and possibly their primitive 
food-plant. 
In addition to this great increase in our knowledge, 
Farquharson shows that some of the imagines feed upon 
secretions of ant-tended Coccids and plant-glands, and even 
drive away the ants. 
Dr. Eltringham’s descriptions and. beautiful figures (pp. 
473-89, Pls. XII, XIII, fig. 3) include not only the fine 
material sent by Farquharson but much of Lamborn’s as 
well; and, combined with his account of Huliphyra (l.c.), 
they g sive us a wide survey over the earlier stages of this 
most remarkable group of butterflies. 
