on the Bionomics of Southern Nigerian Insects. 375 
( C [E. farquharsoni] 
Group II - E [£. laon] 
A. maesa. 
[The above-mentioned eight species are all included in 
Tolaus by Aurivillius (Rhop. Aethiop., p. 546), whose order 
is followed on pp. 361-63, although the genera of other 
systematists are accepted. To become consistent with these, 
Argiolaus maesa should change places with EHpamera iasis 
in Farquharson’s groups, thus bringing together all the 
species of each genus. Farquharson considered that the 
pupa of zasis resembled that of paneperata, but the single 
example sent is clearly the short pupa of an Epamera with - 
the characteristic position. The pupa of A. maesa is 
greatly modified, and its affinity obscured by its extra- 
ordinary resemblance to a gall. The bud-like pupa of 
T. timon is of a very different shape from that of Argiolaus. 
Farquharson’s material and observations taken as a whole 
appear to me to support the validity of the three genera 
Tanuetheira, Argiolaus and Epamera. | 
Aug. 11, 1918.—I think you will have got my letter in 
which I attempted to relate the members of the Loranthus 
complex according to larval characters. I think Epamera 
was my expectation. Before I leave these, I think I said 
before that these larvae are not ant-attended. The par- 
ticular Loranthus is a parasite on a Funtunna elastica about 
fifty yards from the Cremastogaster-Alstonia, from whose 
numerous Loranthus parasites the “gall” comes very 
commonly. But on the Funtumia-Loranthus there are 
practically no ants at all, except a few Pheidole, which 
absolutely ignore the larvae. I am certain that I never 
found one larva attended by ants on that tree. Now, 
oddly enough, not twenty feet from the Alstonia is another 
Funtumia (same species) with a gorgeous specimen of the 
same Loranthus on it. It is simply infested with Cremas- 
togaster. It is from it that I took the specimens for Kew, 
and though I have searched again and again at the same 
time as I was getting larvae from the other Loranthus, I 
never found a single larva on it. Yet alcibiades and muesa 
regularly come down the Cremastogaster-infested trunk of 
the Alstonia to get away from the tree for pupation, but 
they are, I think, left alone, till pupation ‘at least. Not 
infrequently I have seen cases where the larva had pupated 
on a weed too near the tree, and the ants had discovered 
the pupa and destroyed it. 
