Dr. A. J. Turner’s Observations on Lepidoptera, 593 
Heteroneura, which have been proposed by the latter author. 
It is an error to suppose that the jugum is a more primitive 
structure than the frenulum. Both occur in other orders 
of insects. A jugal lobe similar to that of the jugate 
Lepidoptera is present in some T'richoptera and Megalo- 
ptera, while a frenulum occurs among the Mecoptera and 
Planipennia, and the primitive wing-coupling apparatus, 
from which all these modifications appear to have developed, 
seems to have been jugo-frenate (Tillyard, A., p. 312). 
Recently Comstock (/.c.) has proposed to remove the 
Micropterygina from the Lepidoptera Jugata, and to unite 
them with the Trichoptera. While acknowledging their many 
points of relationship to that order, which suggest a 
common and not very remote origin, I agree with Tillyard 
(B., p. 132) that they are true Lepidoptera, differing from 
the Trichoptera in (1) the absence of M4 as a separate vein 
in the fore-wing: (2) the absence of the characteristic 
trichopterous ‘‘ wing-spot”: (3) the wholly different 
tracheation of the pupal wings: and (4) in the broad, 
striated, lepidopterous scales; while in the points on 
which Comstock relies they are at least as closely allied 
to the Hemalidae as to the Trichoptera. 
Chapman (p. 310) has proposed to separate the genus 
Micropteryx as a new order, the Zeugloptera, leaving the 
other European genera among the Lepidoptera, mainly on 
account of structural differences in the female genital 
tube. However important these may be, and I confess 
that I am not fully competent to weigh their importance, 
they appear to me quite insufficient to justify the forma- 
tion of a new order, nor should they close our eyes to the 
essential similarity between Micropteryx and the other 
genera in so many respects. 
Not so long ago only two families were recognised in 
the Homoneura, the Micropterygidae and Hepialidae. I 
think we may now recognise six or seven. These com- 
prise the three subfamilies into which Meyrick has sub- 
divided the former group, which are, I consider, fully 
entitled to be regarded as separate families, and, more 
closely allied to the Hepialidae, the Prototheoridae lately 
described by him, and two new families to be described 
in this paper. With these introductory remarks I will 
proceed to my own observations. 
Sabatinca calliplaca Meyr. is found in tropical rain-forest 
on hills near the coast of Queensland over an extensive 
