hall 
Ixxxiv 
“The African forms—phlaeas-like and abboti—do differ 
from all the others in the very warm ruddy colour of the 
underside, markings not differing. 
“ The Japanese examples differ probably equally importantly 
in the very strong wide border of red to the hind-wings below. 
Some Indian specimens approach this. 
“ As there is some little difference in the ruddy underside 
colour in the few specimens I have, it would be of interest 
to look through your long series and see whether some have 
a more palaearctic tint.* 
“ H. abboti is very red beneath, but I think your least red 
Uganda phlaeas is not so very much redder than my reddest 
Britisher. I may note that the ruddy shade, when it appears 
in British examples, is most marked on emergence and tends 
to fade. It is of course a long way behind abboti. 
“My own view is that they are all one species, but it is 
quite a question of personal idiosyncracy, depending perhaps 
on whether one has worked with species having vars. long 
recognised as species, or with species so similar as to be easily 
confounded. I don’t suppose it can be settled till the two 
forms have been bred side by side and crossings attempted.” 
Dr. Chapman’s report leads to the interesting conclusion 
that there is a definite, though small, structural difference 
between the Northern and the Uganda phlaeas, although 
there is no constant colour difference except in the tint of 
the under surface; while, on the other hand, there is no 
structural difference between abboti and the Uganda phlaeas, 
although there is a marked colour difference in the red hind- 
wing of the former. But this contrast only supplies another 
striking illustration of the fact that variations in colour and 
in structure are independent of each other. 
Although abbott appears, at first sight, to be so different from 
phlaeas, the effect is due to a very slight change in the upper 
surface of the hind-wing—the intensification into a bright 
coppery red of the similar but much fainter iridescence which 
can be commonly seen, brightest towards the base of the 
* The Uganda series is reddish throughout and presents none of the 
marked variation in tint that is so noticeable in phlaeas from other 
localities. H. abboti is also constant in its somewhat less dark reddish 
tint.—K. B. P. 
