28 Dr. T. A. Chapman on 



6000 feet). This specimen is identical with not a few of 

 those from Canales. The other is a very dwarf £ from 

 Tragacete, June 29th. This is probably a genuine aberration 

 as regards size, being only 40 mm. in expanse as compared 

 with smallest from Canales, 44 mm., or both measured as 

 set 38 mm. and 41 mm. Otherwise, as regards form, 

 colour, markings, etc., it agrees exactly with various Canales 

 specimens. These from their locality are true var. hispanica, 

 Zapater, and go to show that hispanica is a high-level form 

 of cvias, in the Teruel district as elsewhere. 



What we know of the geographical distribution of 

 these butterflies is too fragmentary to take us very far, but 

 it is sufficient to afford a few interesting considerations. 

 Assuming the Erebias to have reached Spain via the 

 Pyrenees, whilst it is just possible that zapatcri may have 

 reached the localities where it has developed its peculiar 

 character by way of the coast hills, for the most part we 

 find the Pyrenees so absolutely cut off from the rest of 

 Spain, so far as mountain forms are concerned, by the 

 wide and low valley of the Ebro, that the Erebias must 

 first have travelled westward into the Cantabrian range 

 before they could circle round the head waters of that 

 river. It was probably at a very early date that palarica 

 broke away from stygne, probably as early as the parting 

 of zapatcri from neoridas. 



It is, however, with stygne and cvias that we are more 

 concerned. At the Picos de Europa, 180 miles west of 

 Pyrenees, the two species are still but little differentiated 

 from their mid-European types, nor is it clear that cvias 

 has a high- and a low-level form distinguishable from each 

 other. 



Mrs. Nicholl at Aliva on the high slopes of Peria vieja, 

 5000 feet, met on "July 12th with one poor cvias, many 

 stygne. July 14th, one nice $ climbing Pefia vieja. July 

 17th, on the Col de las Nieves (at least 6500 feet) a few 

 evias. July 18th, above Aliva, about 6000 feet, cvias 

 much battered, could scarcely get any good ones." She 

 writes that she has in her collection only four specimens 

 of evias from the Picos, " of which three are £ $, large and 

 much spotted ; I caught many that I did not keep as they 

 were over, except a few very high up. They are very differ- 

 ent to the small form from Aragon. The type of stygne was 

 very common on all the Picos, up to the middle of July, 

 on the southern and eastern sides of the range ; I saw few 



