212 Dr. T. A. Chapman on the 



contracting and expanding (lengthwise) movements of 

 thorax. 



3.30. Wings into place. 9 mm. head to end of wings, 

 11 mm. wings to cremaster = 20 mm. 



3.40. Top of wings and meso-thorax, etc., have the 

 appearance of being strangulated above loop, being swollen 

 out and lumpy. 



3.45. On lateral view, pupa has very Papilio-\ike out- 

 line, say podalirms, head thrown back, curvature with 

 ventral projection of wings, etc., very different from the 

 straightness of the mature Thais pupa. 



4.3. Is now hanging very much sagged and bent. 



5.45. Seems nearly mature and has more dark colouring. 

 Head to end of wings 12 mm. Wings to cremaster 9*5. 



May 27, 4.50. Was not looking at specimen but at 

 another two inches from it, when a sudden movement 

 attracted my attention to it. 



I was in time to see the girth take hold of the nose- 

 spines, and see the pupa complete what appeared to be 

 two revolutions on its axis, but might have been one, or 

 three ; the whole taking place in less than a second, per- 

 haps a third of a second, apparently as rapidly as an 

 active pupa rotates his tail. 



A very unexpected movement, as the pupa looked so 

 straight and stiff (and it is fairly stiff when one receives it 

 in autumn), and for a pupa with a girth to rotate on its 

 axis seems so unlikely, the way in which the girth is 

 twisted round the nose-hooks led me to expect a rotatory 

 movement, but without any change of orientation. What 

 struck me afterwards as remarkable was how in such a 

 sudden movement the pupa came to rest again exactly 

 facing its attachment. An examination of these two 

 pupae shows that they made at least two revolutions, as the 

 girth has reached the nose-hook and one further revolution 

 has been made twisting it round once (quite) after it had 

 caught, and the cremastral silk also shows twisting. 



I have not made it very clear how the revolution is 

 effected. It is by bending the tail to one side and then 

 twirling it round ; when I say to one side, I should in this 

 case say forwards, as the attitude during the movement 

 was that of bending away from the supporting twig. 



Another specimen was observed to make a second 

 rotatory movement, on one occasion, some hours after the 

 cable had been moved forwards, but it would seem to be 



