( xciii ) 



but most apparently had been sent over by it to wait for a 

 second winter.* 



There are many other species which, though not so obstinate 

 as those which have been mentioned nor perhaps so ready to 

 die or to postpone emergence for a year, show an equally deter- 

 mined resistance for a shorter period. These species probably 

 belong properly to a somewhat warm climate and are attuned 

 to a shorter winter. 



Mediterranean species. 



Wholly opposed in their constitution to the seasonal year- 

 lived species are many belonging to parts of Southern Europe 

 and of Northern Africa, bordering the Mediterranean, where 

 the summer is warm and long, the spring and autumn mild, 

 and the winter not severe enough to prescribe any lengthened 

 rest, and where accordingly, though no rapid multiplication 

 of generations approaching to that of the equatorial regions 

 exists, the year, with its marked seasons, is no longer with 

 many species the usual period of life, but they breed on, 

 generation after generation, continuously, getting in three or 

 four or more generations annually.! This is exemplified with 

 such species as Pyrameis cardui, Colias edusa, Phragmatobia 

 fuliginosa, and Plusia gamma. These would appear physio- 

 logically to belong rather to the equatorial non-seasonal than 

 to the seasonal class, and at all events seem to have little of 

 the seasonal character stereotyped upon them. 



The seasonally double-brooded. 



It is now time to refer to that remarkable class usually spoken 

 of as the seasonally double-brooded, producing two or sometimes 

 more generations in the year; one, the "winter phase," that 

 which in our climate lives about nine months, including the 

 winter, the other, the "summer phase," living about three 

 months, May to August ; the one having a pupal period of 



* Similar occurrences are frequently recorded in entomological publica- 

 tions. (See Dr. Chapman, Ent. Record, vol. i, p. 127, and the Ent. 

 Record, passim,) 



t See Tutt in Ent. Record, vol. x, pp. 211, 212. 



PROC. ENT. SOC. LOND., V. 1905. G 



