﻿Ill 
  

  

  haps 
  the 
  following 
  hints 
  may 
  prove 
  useful. 
  It 
  is 
  in 
  vain 
  to 
  examine 
  the 
  dense 
  portions 
  ; 
  

   it 
  is 
  equally 
  vain 
  to 
  dig 
  at 
  the 
  roots 
  of 
  trees, 
  with 
  few 
  exceptions 
  : 
  and 
  you 
  will 
  rarely 
  

   find 
  anything, 
  unless 
  upon 
  trees 
  of 
  considerable 
  growth. 
  The 
  thick 
  moss 
  which 
  col- 
  

   lects 
  about 
  the 
  trunks 
  and 
  roots, 
  is 
  the 
  part 
  to 
  be 
  examined. 
  Bombyces 
  are 
  generally 
  

   (almost 
  invariably) 
  found 
  under 
  the 
  moss 
  which 
  covers 
  spreading 
  roots, 
  and 
  not 
  on 
  the 
  

   trunks. 
  The 
  best 
  localities 
  in 
  woods 
  are 
  the 
  borders 
  and 
  open 
  places. 
  It 
  is 
  curious 
  

   that 
  such 
  places 
  when 
  elevated, 
  or 
  facing 
  the 
  North, 
  are 
  generally 
  the 
  most 
  productive. 
  

  

  " 
  There 
  remains 
  one 
  other 
  locality 
  — 
  hedge-rows. 
  These 
  may 
  be 
  dismissed 
  in 
  a 
  

   few 
  words: 
  it 
  is 
  perfectly 
  useless 
  to 
  try 
  them. 
  I 
  do 
  not 
  think 
  I 
  have 
  found 
  a 
  dozen 
  

   pupce 
  in 
  such 
  places 
  : 
  why 
  it 
  should 
  be 
  so 
  I 
  cannot 
  tell. 
  There 
  are, 
  of 
  course, 
  other 
  

   localities, 
  but 
  as 
  I 
  have 
  never 
  tried 
  them, 
  I 
  am 
  unable 
  to 
  give 
  any 
  opinion 
  on 
  them. 
  

  

  " 
  The 
  next 
  point 
  which 
  may 
  be 
  considered 
  worthy 
  of 
  notice, 
  is 
  the 
  mode 
  of 
  search. 
  

   This, 
  of 
  course, 
  varies 
  according 
  to 
  locality. 
  In 
  digging, 
  it 
  must 
  be 
  borne 
  in 
  mind 
  

   that 
  all 
  pupoB 
  are 
  close 
  to 
  the 
  trunk 
  of 
  the 
  tree, 
  seldom 
  more 
  than 
  2 
  inches 
  distant. 
  

   Frequently 
  the 
  trunk 
  of 
  the 
  tree 
  forms 
  one 
  side 
  of 
  the 
  cocoon, 
  especially 
  the 
  cocoon 
  of 
  

   such 
  insects 
  as 
  spin. 
  Again, 
  pupae 
  lie 
  close 
  to 
  the 
  surface 
  of 
  the 
  earth, 
  (I 
  have 
  seen 
  

   those 
  of 
  Smerinthus 
  Populi 
  and 
  S. 
  Tilise 
  half 
  ont 
  of 
  the 
  earth) 
  ; 
  the 
  larva 
  of 
  Calocampa 
  

   exoleta 
  is 
  the 
  only 
  one 
  I 
  know 
  of 
  that 
  goes 
  to 
  a 
  considerable 
  depth. 
  Insert 
  then 
  the 
  

   trowel 
  about 
  3 
  inches 
  from 
  the 
  trunk, 
  to 
  the 
  depth 
  of 
  2 
  inches 
  or 
  so 
  ; 
  then 
  push 
  it 
  to 
  

   the 
  tree 
  and 
  turn 
  it 
  up. 
  If 
  the 
  soil 
  be 
  dry 
  and 
  friable, 
  without 
  grass, 
  knock 
  it 
  gently 
  

   with 
  the 
  trowel, 
  which 
  will 
  be 
  sufficient. 
  If, 
  however, 
  there 
  be 
  grass, 
  you 
  must 
  pro- 
  

   ceed 
  more 
  cautiously 
  : 
  take 
  up 
  the 
  sod 
  in 
  the 
  left 
  hand, 
  knock 
  it 
  very 
  gently 
  with 
  the 
  

   trowel, 
  and 
  those 
  pupas 
  which 
  merely 
  enter 
  the 
  ground 
  will 
  drop 
  out. 
  To 
  find 
  those 
  

   which 
  spin, 
  you 
  must 
  carefully 
  examine 
  the 
  sod, 
  tearing 
  the 
  roots 
  of 
  the 
  grass 
  asun- 
  

   der. 
  These 
  are, 
  of 
  course, 
  much 
  the 
  most 
  difficult 
  to 
  find, 
  the 
  cocoons 
  being 
  gene- 
  

   rally 
  of 
  the 
  colour 
  of 
  the 
  earth. 
  I 
  may 
  here 
  remark, 
  that 
  it 
  is 
  useless 
  to 
  try 
  sticky 
  or 
  

   clayey 
  ground, 
  the 
  caterpillars 
  being 
  unable 
  to 
  penetrate 
  it. 
  In 
  searching 
  under 
  moss, 
  

   the 
  best 
  plan 
  is 
  to 
  loosen 
  the 
  edge, 
  then 
  to 
  tear 
  it 
  gently 
  off, 
  observing 
  whether 
  any 
  

   pupae 
  fall. 
  Look 
  at 
  the 
  trunk 
  to 
  see 
  if 
  anything 
  adheres 
  to 
  it, 
  and 
  then 
  carefully 
  exa- 
  

   mine 
  the 
  moss 
  itself. 
  Experience 
  alone 
  will 
  enable 
  you 
  to 
  detect 
  a 
  spun 
  cocoon. 
  

  

  " 
  Searching 
  under 
  loose 
  bark 
  requires 
  no 
  comment 
  : 
  one 
  observation, 
  however, 
  on 
  

   the 
  CerurfE. 
  I 
  have 
  heard 
  it 
  mentioned 
  that 
  the 
  pupae 
  of 
  the 
  kittens 
  are 
  to 
  be 
  found 
  

   near 
  the 
  roots 
  : 
  my 
  experience 
  goes 
  to 
  prove 
  quite 
  the 
  reverse. 
  Eveiy 
  one 
  who 
  has 
  

   looked 
  for 
  them 
  knows 
  the 
  extreme 
  difficulty 
  of 
  detecting 
  them. 
  I 
  found 
  fifteen 
  last 
  

   autumn, 
  and 
  they 
  were 
  all, 
  without 
  exception, 
  at 
  least 
  2 
  feet 
  from 
  the 
  ground. 
  The 
  

   puss 
  moth 
  certainly 
  forms 
  its 
  cocoon 
  near 
  the 
  ground 
  generally, 
  but 
  not 
  the 
  kittens, 
  I 
  

   think. 
  Though 
  not 
  connected 
  with 
  the 
  subject 
  of 
  pupae, 
  I 
  think 
  it 
  may 
  be 
  useful 
  to 
  

   mention 
  that 
  the 
  larvse 
  of 
  the 
  genus 
  Cerura 
  are 
  always 
  found 
  on 
  the 
  upper 
  side 
  of 
  the 
  

   leaf, 
  generally 
  about 
  the 
  centre. 
  

  

  " 
  If 
  I 
  were 
  asked 
  which 
  are 
  the 
  most 
  likely 
  trees, 
  I 
  should 
  say 
  those 
  whose 
  branches 
  

   spread 
  out 
  towards 
  the 
  ground, 
  since 
  moths 
  seldom 
  fly 
  to 
  the 
  high 
  branches 
  ; 
  those 
  

   whose 
  roots 
  form 
  an 
  angle 
  filled 
  with 
  loose 
  dry 
  earth, 
  especially 
  when 
  covered 
  with 
  

   grass 
  ; 
  and 
  lastly, 
  those 
  which 
  have 
  a 
  thick 
  loose 
  moss 
  upon 
  them. 
  Nothing 
  however 
  

   can 
  be 
  more 
  uncertain 
  than 
  any 
  rules 
  in 
  this 
  matter. 
  You 
  will 
  perhaps 
  see 
  ten 
  elm 
  

   trees, 
  to 
  your 
  eye 
  exactly 
  alike 
  : 
  at 
  nine 
  you 
  may 
  find 
  nothing 
  ; 
  at 
  the 
  tenth, 
  possibly 
  

   twenty 
  or 
  thirty 
  pupae. 
  I 
  remember, 
  on 
  one 
  occasion, 
  trying 
  a 
  number 
  of 
  ash 
  trees, 
  

   without 
  the 
  slightest 
  success, 
  and 
  was 
  about 
  to 
  give 
  up 
  the 
  search 
  as 
  hopeless, 
  when 
  1 
  

  

  