﻿TABLE OF CONTENTS 



Page 



Plants versus Animals 11 



Taxonomy of Plants 13 



Nomenclature of Plants 13 



Classification of Plants 15 



Classification of Arborescent Plants 21 



Identification 22 



Dendrology 24 



Dendrology Defined 24 



Criteria for Distinguishing Woody Plants 24 



Kinds of Woody Plants 25 



Special Morphology 27 



Leaves 27 



General 27 



Leaf Variation 28 



Leaf Classification 29 



A. Leaves classified as to position 29 



B. Leaves classified as to composition 29 



C. Leaves classified as to form 29 



D. Leaves classified as to apex 31 



E. Leaves classified as to base 31 



F. Leaves classified as to margin 32 



G. Leaves classified as to venation 32 



Inflorescences 33 



Flowers 35 



General 35 



Floral Parts 35 



Pollination versus Fertilization 36 



Variation in the Flower 36 



A. Suppression and symmetry of parts 37 



B. Position of parts 37 



C. Union of parts -. . . . 3S 



D. Form of corolla 39 



Fruit 39 



General 39 



Criteria for the Interpretation of the Pistil 39 



Classification of Angiosperm Fruits 40 



A. Fruit classified as to the escape of the seed from the ovary 40 



B. Fruit classified as to texture 40 



C. Fruit classified as to composition 42 



Winter Characters 43 



General 43 



Growth in length versus growth in thickness 43 



Leaf-fall 44 



Winter habit. 44 



Winter twigs 45 



A. Winter buds 45 



B. Leaf-scars and stipule-scars 49 



C. Vascular bundle-scars 49 



D. Color of twigs 50 



E. Taste and odor of twigs 50 



F. Lenticels 51 



G. Pith 52 



H. Bark 53 



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