36 College of Forestry. 
first. She was apparently intent on packing in the egg 
just laid, but again, doubtless the brilliant condensed light 
caused her to desist. 
Duties or tHE Martu.— With the entrance of one or 
several females into the burrow, the duties of the male are 
changed. Previous to this time his main efforts have been 
directed toward the completion of the entrance gallery and 
nuptial chamber and apparently he continues to enlarge 
the latter until the coming of the female. He then appears to 
cease burrowing entirely, but his duties do not end with fertil- 
izing the females. The females in making the egg gallery, 
necessarily excavate a considerable amount of frass. This 
they push out of their galleries into the nuptial chamber, 
but apparently, under no circumstances, do they cast it out of 
the entrance. This is the duty of the male and if he is 
tending from five to seven females, it is apparently no light 
task, especially if the frass is sticky with pitch. As a usual 
thing he removes this frass by backing upwards, forcing 
a considerable quantity out at a time. Several cases have 
been observed, however, where the frass was unusually 
sticky, where the male was forced to remove it bit by bit 
with his mandibles. He would come to the entrance head 
first, extend half of his body out of the entrance with the 
pitchy mass grasped in his mandibles and would press this 
against the pile of boring, surrounding the entrance till it 
adhered. He would then back down into the burrow and 
repeat the operation. When the male is killed or removed 
from the burrow, the females continue dumping their bor- 
ings into the nuptial chamber till this becomes packed full, 
and cases were observed where part of the ege gallery had 
also been packed in this manner. 
With the accession of females to the burrow, the male 
also becomes much more vigilant in guarding the entrance. 
He apparently spends a considerable amount of time at the 
entrance with his elytra forming a quite inpenetrable 
appearing door (Figs. 18, 14). Even sharp poking with a 
needle will cause him to retreat only a short distance, 
whereas before the entrance of the female he would retreat 
as far as possible if the elytra were but touched firmly. 
