History and Habits of Pityogenes. 49 
newly emerged adults. Practically all of the adults which 
were still yellow or tan colored and a large per cent of 
those still light brown, succumbed during the winter of 
1914-15, although this was not a particularly rigorous sea- 
son. It would appear to be necessary that the beetle having 
reached the adult stage should feed for several days before 
it is able to undergo the rigors of winter successfully. 
Srupy or THE Eneravines.— Much may be learned by 
a careful study of the engraving made by P. hopkinsi upon 
the surface of the wood, for the beetles there leave a faith- 
ful record of many of the activities of their lives in the 
form of hieroglyphics which may be readily deciphered by 
one at all acquainted with them. These engravings inform 
one at a glance of such intimate facts as how many mates 
each male possessed, as to how industrious and how fecund 
each one was. They also often show with what “ wisdom of 
instinct,” if the expression may be allowed, each egg was 
placed in order that the young be assured of a plentiful food 
supply. They give full data as to the activities of each 
larva, how much food he devoured, how many times he 
moulted his skin, how industrious he was in boring through 
the bark and wood, and finally whether he eventually 
reached maturity and succeeded in emerging as a full- 
grown. beetle, or whether he succumbed before this goal was 
attained. The engravings are the records of facts of much 
greater interest to many than those to be gained by a study 
of the dead insect itself. 
While the galleries of P. hopkinsi can usually be as 
readily identified as belonging to this species as can the 
individuals making them, no two galleries are exactly alike. 
They all, however, have certain definite characteristics in 
common. They all show an entrance burrow the character- 
istics of which have already been described. This leads 
into an irregular nuptial chamber which may be either 
upon the surface of the sapwood or in the inner bark depend- 
ing upon the thickness of the latter. From this proceed 
outward a varying number of egg galleries each of which is 
ordinarily made by a different female. 
