Development of the Vegetation of New York State 55 
a relatively mild maritime zone where willow oak, laurel 
magnolia, sweet gum, persimmon, etc., occur, you quickly 
pass from these into a dominantly chestnut, oak, hickory 
zone in the Highlands. This type is most intensely marked 
in the Palisades Park Highlands but also in the Westchester 
Hills and continues in strength up the Hudson well toward 
Albany. This element (See Zone B, p. 71) is weaker north- 
ward and by the time you reach W hitehall, chestnut has dis- 
appeared. * At Westport you still find some oaks (especially 
red oak and white oak), hickories, red j juniper and others of 
our chestnut, oak, hickory type or Zone B; but if you thence 
go a few miles westward toward Elizabethtown you enter a 
typical maple, beech, birch, hemlock, white pine forest zone 
(our Zone C). This is also virtually the case on well-drained 
soils (not sands) at Rouse’s Point and westward across the 
St. Lawrence Valley (not on wet lands). Thus it appears 
that latitude, even augmented by removal of immediate ocean 
influence, does not produce a very wide floristic range in New 
York. This would be more strikingly the case even for a 
transect between Binghamton (at valley level) and Massena 
Springs in the St. Lawrence Valley, for at Binghamton we 
begin with Zone B. 
The Zonal differences are strikingly greater and the effects 
come much more rapidly when you traverse the State on lines 
crossing the Catskill highlands and the Alleghany Plateau 
(e. g - New York C ity to Oswego) or across the main Catskill 
(eee (e. g. Catskill via Tannersville, Phoenicia and 
Arkville to Oneonta). 
Transect from Staten Island to Oswego. 
Here, again, you begin with the maritime zone where a 
few northerly ranging species persist which you will have 
come rather to associate with Virginia, North Carolina, ete. - 
than with New York, Northern Pennsylvania, Gina: ete. 
You traverse again the highland region of maximum fre- 
quence of chestnut and of dominant chestnut-oak, of flower- 
ing dogwood, ete. From Cornwall to Middletown, cultural 
vegetation — regions of farming and dairying — will have 
1T am indebted to Mr. George L. Barrus of the N. Y. State Conserva- 
tion Commission for data as to the distribution of chestnut in New York. 
