56 College of Forestry 
given native vegetation a secondary role. You learn to as- 
sociate this condition, as everywhere else in New York, with 
the fine growths of scattering American elms. Still in wood 
lots and waste lands you note that oak, chestnut, hickory, 
tulip and their associates persist, and this continues to Moun- 
tain Dale, elevation, 1000 feet. Here you enter a northward 
extending arm of the Appalachian association of rhododen- 
dron and mountain laurel, first in forest of chestnut, oak, hick- 
ory and tulip, but above Fallsburg (elevation 1,200 feet), the 
forest becomes dominantly sugar maple, beech, yellow birch, 
hemlock, and white pine or, on denuded forest lands, red 
maple, popple birch and fir cherry. The rhododendron con- 
tinues in this Zone C to some 1,400 feet elevation. You now 
come well up on the high ridge which farther northeast cul- 
minates in the main Catskill Mountain region. The maple, 
beech, hemlock forest continues dominant on uplands, the 
northerly type of swamp forest and much alder thicket 
and willow shrub on wet flats. Finally at the highest point, 
Young’s Gap, elevation 1,800 feet, red spruce and an occa- 
sional’ balsam indicate the Canadian Transition Zone, D, 
which you will note dominates the Catskill Mountains gen- 
erally and of course the main body of the Adirondack region. 
Then from Parksville (1,700 feet) down to the Delaware 
at Cadosia (1,000 feet) the zonal arrangement is repeated, 
rhododendron again appearing in Maple, beech, hemlock 
forest. Then over the divides at Apex, Northfield, Summit, 
Smyrna and Eaton the typical Appalachian- ‘Transition 
(Zone C) forest type is dominant, the oak, chestnut, hickory 
only intensified with each descent into valleys (Rock Rift, 
Sidney, Oxford to Norwich).? Finally, after you have 
concluded that the maple-beech-hemlock type has become 
fully dominant, you drop down into the Oneida Lake basin 
to find pure stands of oak (several species and on shore 
sands), sycamore, and occasional tupelo gum and hackherry 
on bottom lands. Then on the sand beds at Phoenix the finest 
1 This recurrence of Zone B elements along valley walls leads to the 
suggestion that purely edaphic conditions may play a stronger role 
in this case than simply lower elevation. 
