Development of the Vegetation of New York State 75 
ories, elms, and, naturally, of tulip-poplar, chestnut, ete. (1. 
e., dominant species of Zone B). Further, by the decreasing 
prominence of forest floor herbaceous growth-forms of the 
Appalachian region generally, and substitution of more 
northerly ranging species (see below). 
Dominant tree species: 
ted spruce —(Picea rubens Sargent.). 
Black spruce =(Picea mariana (Mill.) B.S.P.). 
Balsam fir —(Abies balsamea (L.) Mill.) 
Mountain ash —= (Sorbus americana Marsh.). 
Forest floor species of special note: 
The following are not only very generally distributed 
through the Adirondack and higher Catskill forest but each 
may occur in exclusive formation over large stretches: 
Shield fern =(Dryopteris intermedia  (Muhl.) 
Gray.) 
Viburnum alnifolium Marsh). 
Hobble bush ( 
(Oxalis Acetocella L.). 
( 
( 
True wood-sorrel 
Shining club-moss 
Ground hemlock 
Lycopodium lucidulum Michx.). 
Taxus canadensis Marsh.). 
HAL AL 
Others less abundant are characteristic of this zone al- 
though occurring in C. 
Red-berried elder = (Sambucus racemosa L.). 
Bush honeysuckle —=(Diervilla Diervilla (l.) MacM.). 
Wild sarsaprilla —=(Aralia nudicaulis L.). 
Fetid currant =(Ribes glandulosum Grauer). Zone 
EK? 
Large-leaved golden-=(NSolidago macrophylla Pursh.). Zone 
rod EK? 
Mountain aster = (Aster acuminatus Michx.). Zone i? 
Finally, species which, while occurring in mixed forest, 
are especially associated with greater dominance of conifers 
and the duff soil beneath them rather than the leaf mold soil 
of maple, beech, birch stands. Cooper! cites most of these 
as characteristic of the Canadian climax forest of Isle Royale 
and of the Northeastern conifer forest in general. In the 
Adirondacks and Catskills these species become more con- 
1Cooper. W. S. The Climax Forest of Isle Royale, Lake Superior 
and its Development. Bot. Gaz., 55:1913, Nos. 1, 2, 3. 
