100 College of Forestry. 
supported quite above the water surface and ap- 
parently to be correlated with the greater weight and 
stress incident to the lack of buoyant effect and protection 
of water and to the exposure to atmospheric stresses, is the 
clump or tussock forming tendency of such a type. These 
qualities are particularly applicable however to the sueceed- 
ing type of marsh vegetation. So with certain other growth 
forms, notably lake rush (Scirpus validus Vahl.), pipes 
(Hquisetum fluviatile L.), ete., and even cat-tail (Typha 
species) which commonly or frequently appear in shallow 
waters even to the depth of two or three (in case of. lake 
rush up to five) feet. 
In the smaller Adirondack lakes, shallow water vegetation 
is fairly abundant, but in this case again, the suspended mat- 
ter and especially the humus leachings operate to reduce the 
intensity of light by giving the dark color to the water, hence 
the type is hmited to yet more shallow water than in the 
clear lakes — e. g. Long Lake, Big Shallow and Little Shal- 
low Ponds, Hoel Pond, ete. My impression is that such 
vegetation is also sparser even in the most favorable sub- 
stratum conditions and that in the case of water lilies the 
habit reflects the deficiency of hght beneath the water sur- 
face. These matters, however, need more extended study 
in that region. 
In general, the total acreage of this shallow water vegeta- 
tion is small and limited to relatively small areas. In ponds 
and lakes with steep, sloping margins the zone is necessarily 
narrow and very often eliminated from much of the lake 
margin by violent wave action, sandy bottom, ete. Often it 
occurs upon a submerged delta of sediment brought in by 
tributary streams and the two agencies of filling — stream 
sediment and vegetation remains — hasten the stage on to 
the marsh condition. | Sometimes whole ponds, being 
uniformly shallow, are in the ‘‘ water lily” stage of vegeta- 
tion as in Big Shallow and Little Shallow Ponds in Herkimer 
county. Or an entire arm or bay of the lake will be occupied 
by shallow water plants as in Long Lake, Tully Lake and so 
on. Marsh vegetation by reason of the mat and tussock 
