Development of the Vegetation of New York State 109 
ley from Odgensburg to Rouse’s Point and the railways run- 
ning through the Adirondacks. Again you will have ob- 
served other aspects of the shrub vegetation. For example, 
the marsh meadow stage about Tully and similar lakes, the 
marshy divide above Apulia and similar situations will pre- 
sent small shrubs lke shrubby cinquefoil (Dastphora | Po- 
tentilla| fruticosa (.) Rydberg), sweet gale (J/yrica gale 
L.), swamp rose (osa carolina L.), red osier dogwood (Cor- 
nus stolonifera Michx.) and encroaching willows and alder 
(usually Alnus incana | L.| Moench.). Still another aspect 
you may have seen, e. g., at Hoel Pond and similar situations 
in the Adirondacks, where mountain holly (Nemopanthus 
mucronata [L.| Trel.), withe-rod or wild raisin (Vebur- 
num cassinoides L.), black choke-berry (Aronia melano- 
carpa | Michx.| Britton), and smaller heath shrubs. In 
Cicero Swamp, to these will be added high-bush blueberry 
(Vaccinium corymbosum L.). Tussocks of royal fern and 
cinnamon fern will, in such cases, show a persistence of the 
marsh vegetation. This would indicate the invasion of 
marsh directly by shrub, thus eliminating or materially 
shortening the marsh meadow stage and it should be men- 
tioned here that the vigor with which swamp shrub and 
swamp forest establish themselves on wet lands has just this 
tendency to shorten the life of the grass land stage. Perhaps 
it is pertinent to remark that our climate is so thoroughly 
a forest climate as contrasted with grassland climate that 
this tendency to encroachment of woody plants is just what 
one should expect. Certainly the persistence of the grass- 
land stage appears to be more marked in the middle west, 
e. g. in southwestern Wisconsin * than in New York. Still, 
although the sequence is so generally disturbed by human 
interference in New York State, so that marsh meadow and 
1Stout, A. B. A biological and statistical study of the vegetation 
of a typical wild hay meadow. Trans. Wise, Acad, Sci. Arts and Let- 
bers. Uyept, 1, 1912: 
