118 College of Forestry 
parte to Harrisville. In my observation black spruce is par- 
ticularly associated with bog areas. See page 125. 
(2) Mixed Conifer and Hardwood Swamp Forest. 
This may be regarded as intermediate between the boreal 
conifer types of the Adirondacks and the austral, dominantly 
hardwood, swamp-forest. ‘The geographical position suggests 
this conclusion. This general type is particularly developed 
on lowland of the St. Lawrence valley (from Rouse’s Point to 
Norwood) ; on the eastward of the Ontario basin toward the 
Adirondacks up to more or less 1000 feet elevation (see 
transect page 57); in the Syracuse region and down the 
Mohawk valley; in drainage divide swamps of the north- 
south valleys of the Alleghany plateau (e. g. Tully Lakes 
region ). 
In this: type, aside from the dominance of red maple, 
black ash, and elm the noteworthy feature in my judgment 
is the occurrence of white pine (of very large diameter and 
normal height in the few undisturbed areas) and of hemlock, 
especially as an element in the reproduction of secondary 
swamp forest. White cedar, tamarack and balsam may be 
present, the last however only sparsely and in the territory 
north and west of the main Adirondack region. ‘Tamarack 
is strongly represented northward (St. Lawrence valley) but 
southward becomes more confined to the centers of bog de- 
velopment. White cedar deserves special mention. Its ten- 
dency to occur in pure stands is evident in the Syracuse 
region (Jamesville and Kirkville) increasing northward 
along the Ontario basin and in the St. Lawrence valley (e. g. 
Norwood to Ogdensburg) where thickets of young white 
cedar are a very noteworthy feature. 
(3) Dominantly Hardwood Swamp Forest. 
Two suggestions are put forward as showing how the 
decrease in swamp-forest conifers is correlated with more 
austral climatic conditions. 
