Development of the Vegetation of New York State 125 
plant, sundew, marsh cinquefoil (Potentilla palustris |L. | 
Scop.) bueckbean (Menyanthes trifoliata L.) and hoary wil- 
low (Salix candida Fluegge). The swamp forest has en- 
eroached closely upon the circular bog area and the presence 
of swamp and marsh plants already named together with 
others of frequent marsh habitat are features which appear to 
strengthen the interpretation of vegetation and substratum 
history at this point. 
2. The Case of a Small Glacial Basin or “ Kettle Hole.” 
This was a small depression left among the sand deposits 
of the Iroquois basin. It lies near Phoenix. It was evidently 
a small pond. At the present time in stages of high water- 
table, water stands at or close to the top of the Sphagnum 
mat, but the surface of the filled basin 1s covered by a dense 
shrub vegetation. The bulk of this is leather leaf (Cham- 
aedaphne calyculata) but larger shrubs, withe-rod, black 
choke-berry and mountain holly occur in small clumps where 
the ground is a bit higher. With these, also, chain fern. 
Eneroaching upon the shrub mat is a close stand of black 
spruce (See Fig. 19). A closer examination of the shrub 
mat shows dense Sphagnum growth filling in about and 
among the heath shrub. Excavating with the hand, one finds 
the matrix of Sphagnum to be very thick. For the first foot 
or more it is preserved as to structure though only the top 
few inches is alive. Still further down the Sphagnum is dis- 
integrated and becomes a part of the general peat mass. Ev- 
idently, however, peat moss has been the chief agent as indeed 
it is now in filling the basin. The vegetation of the basin 
stands in no relation, either floristic or associational to the 
surrounding chestnut, oak, bracken vegetation of the sandy 
lands. 
3. The Case of Bean Pond. 
This is an Adirondack bog of the extreme type. It lies 
in a poorly defined valley much filled by glacial till — nota- 
bly sand — on the land of the Ranger School of The New 
York State College of Forestry near Wanakena. <A low, nar- 
