Development of the Vegetation of New York State 129 
tendeney toward bog development in the Adirondacks. In 
swamp forests elsewhere, the lowest part or middle of the 
swamp will ordinarily show its zone of tamarack or white 
cedar though rarely black spruce or balsam. For the rest of 
the State, small basins in the regions of sand deposits notably 
in the Ontario-Iroquois basin (Cicero swamp in part, Phoenix 
bogs, Oswego county bogs, Mendon Ponds in Monroe county ) 
are sites of more or less extreme bog development. So, also, 
in connection with the more pronounced swamp development 
of the basin regions previously mentioned, p. 118, and of the 
poorly established drainage at stream sources or drainage 
divides in the Alleghany Plateau (Tully Lakes Region, Ma- 
chias) and small basins in morainie areas (bogs of the Free- 
ville district). 
Chamaecyparis Bogs. 
Ecologically the bogs with southern white cedar (Chamae- 
cy parts thyoides ( (is) ‘3B .S.P.) appear to be the same as those 
of the Adirondacks but they are confined to the coastal plain 
from Massachusetts southward reaching their most note- 
worthy occurrence in the Pine Barren region of New Jersey 
and the Dismal Swamp region of Virginia. In New York 
they figure very little, being limited to the Long Island coast 
and the lower Hudson region. There may be no sufficient 
justification for employing the term “bog” rather than 
‘““swamp ”’ in this connection. My aim is for the moment to 
emphasize what appears to be a radical difference in hydro- 
phytic succession where the substratum comes to be of 
character to favor the Sphagnum -- heath shrub -- conifer 
sequence rather than what I conceive to be the normal swamp 
sequence. Harshberger (/. ¢c. pages 441) speaks of white 
cedar swamp formation and says “the cedar swamp has a 
substratum of red brown peat composed largely of the stems, 
leaves and roots of Chamaecyparis and of buried logs in a 
remarkable state of preservation.” Also, as perhaps bearing 
on the matter of normal sequence toward climax forest,— 
“On somewhat higher ground Quercus aquatica, Q. 
