28 College of Forestry 
CHAPTER I. PHYSIOGRAPHY AND GEOLOGY. 
1. Description or THE Lake. (Fig. 1.) 
‘Oneida Lake hes near the center of New York State in 
latitude 43° N. and longitude 75° W. Oswego and Oneida 
counties border the lake on the north and Onondaga and 
Madison counties on the south. It is 27 miles southeast of 
Lake Ontario. It is eleven miles north of Syracuse, from 
which it may be reached in less than an hour by either steam 
railroad or trolley. Train schedules are frequent during the 
summer months, and the lake is, therefore, easily accessible 
from the College of Forestry for purposes of study. The 
lake is oriented almost directly east and west, which is the 
longer axis, and is 21 miles in length by 5.5 miles in greatest 
width. The level of the lake is 369 feet above the sea, or 
124 feet above Lake Ontario. The greatest depth recorded 
is 55 feet, which oceurs about 1.5 miles southeast of 
Cleveland. 
The shores are relatively very low, as the lake is in the 
bed of an ancient lake, lacking the bold character of the 
country to the south and east, where occur rock-cut valleys, 
large glacial moraines, and extensive drumlins. This gen- 
eral depression of the country immediately surrounding the 
lake produces low, swampy shores on many parts of the lake, 
especially at the east and west ends. The greatest elevation 
of land is found between Cleveland and North Bay, on the 
north shore of the lake, where altitudes of 440 to 460 feet 
eeur, rising 71 to 91 feet above water level. On the south 
Fig. 2. Cross sections of Oneida Lake. A, Section from Shaw Bay 
southward on line of 76° 05’ longitude. B, section from 
Phillips Point south to Norcross Point, cutting through 
Frenchman Island. ©, Section from Constantia south to 
Maple Bay, on line 76° 00’ longitude, cutting through islands 
and shoals. D, Section from Bernard Bay south of Shackel- 
ton Point. E, east and west section from Brewerton to 
Shackelton shoals. Horizontal scale 314 inches to the mile, 
A-B; 15 inches to the mile, D. Vertical scale 1/32 inch = 
2 feet. 
