32 College of Forestry 
east end. Over thirty other creeks, of which Big Bay Creek 
and Seriba Creek, the latter near Constantia, are the largest, 
also add their waters to the volume of the lake. 
The outlet drainage is westward and northward by way 
of Oneida River and the Oswego River into Lake Ontario. 
The new Barge Canal makes use of Oneida Lake, and about 
a mile and a half of Oneida River west of Brewerton, at 
which point excavations begin and the canal turns to the 
southwest. Oneida Lake lies between locks 22 and 23 of the 
Barge Canal system. 
9. GractaLt GroLoey. 
It is not necessary in this report to describe the glacial 
epoch, its causes or its history. For such information the 
reader is referred to the papers of Taylor (1913), Chamber- 
lin (1906), and especially Fairchild (1899, 1902, 1903). 
After many advances and retreats of the ice sheet, during 
which the glacial drainage fluctuated from west to south and 
east, a large lake filled the Ontario basin and extended well 
to the eastward covering the territory of Oneida Lake and 
draining eastward past Rome into the Mohawk Valley and 
thence into the Hudson Valley. <A long arm of this glacial 
lake, known to geologists as Lake Iroquois, extended through 
the Montezuma Marsh region and included the Cayuga Lake 
Valley. The water at this stage was at a level of 440 feet 
or 71 feet above the present level of Oneida Lake. The old 
shore line of the outlet of this glacial lake borders the north 
side of Oneida Lake, being distant about a mile. The south 
shore of the outlet lies just south and east of the city of 
Syracuse. 
Oneida Lake apparently occupies a depression in the bed 
of this outlet. Its bottom does not differ in character from 
the general physiography of the surrounding territory. 
There are elevations in the lake resembling morainic hills, 
the crests of which form the shallows and small islands found 
in the lake, especially at the central and western ends. ‘The 
islands, Long, Little, Wantry, ete., and the Shackelton Shoals 
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