MANAGEMENT OF SCOTS FIR FORESTS IN NORTH GERMANY. TO 
are sometimes used where the ground is sufficiently level for their 
proper working. One of these tramways used in the Eberswalde 
forest is of the following description. The rails are attached to small 
wooden sleepers, and are placed about 2 feet apart. These rails and 
sleepers are in sections 20 feet long, so that all that is necessary for 
their laying down, is to place the end of one section against that of 
another, the fore part of one rail fitting into the hinder part of its 
neighbour. Special sections are provided for sidings, so that the 
trucks can pass one another on the road. These trucks are made 
entirely of iron, and are about 4 feet in length, standing about 18 
inches above the rails. Across the centre of the framework is an 
iron perforated bar, on the underside of which is a pin, which is 
let into the centre of the framework, so that it can revolve in any 
direction when going round curves, etc. ‘This bar carries the 
timber, a pin on each side keeping it in position. In loading, the 
trees are simply rolled up long tressles on to the trucks, two of the 
latter, connected by a long pole, being required for a tree length. 
They are usually drawn by horse-power, although small locomotive 
engines can also be used on the tram-lines if required. 
After the felling is completed, the roots are grubbed up, and as 
many as can be taken out without too much labour. ‘This is done 
by clearing away the earth from the stump with the spade, and 
cutting the large roots, special appliances for lifting them out being 
in use. They are split, and stacked up in the same way as the 
other firewood, although they are principally turned into charcoal 
by the purchasers, which is made on the spot, every fragment of a 
root being collected and used up. ‘The nature of the soil renders 
the extraction of the root much easier than is usually the case, so 
that the work is done without any loss, although the profit may not 
be great. . 
After all the work in connection with the felling and removal of 
the timber is completed, a trench is cut round the cleared area for 
the purpose of excluding the pine weevil and other injurious 
beetles which attack the young plants. This trench is about 6 
inches wide, and about the same depth, with perfectly perpendicular 
sides. About every 12 yards deeper holes are taken out, into 
which the insects fall when travelling along the bottom of the 
trench, all attempts to scale the sides being quite unsuccessful if 
the trench has been properly cut. This precaution proves very 
effective, as may be seen from an inspection of one of these 
pit-falls, in which dozens of weevils and beetles of all kinds may be 
