192 TRANSACTIONS OF ROYAL SCOTTISH ARBORICULTURAL SOCIETY. 
found, forming splendid depots for the entomologist. From these 
pits the beetles are either collected and destroyed, or remain there 
until they die from starvation. 
The ground having been cleared of timber and roots during the 
course of the summer following the felling, it is re-sown or planted 
the following spring; usually in April. Sowing is by far the more 
common method of the two, planting being only resorted to for 
beating up and such-like purposes. For preparing the ground a 
forest plough is used, which has a broad flat sole and two large 
mould-boards, and makes a furrow about 2 inches deep and about 
9 inches wide. The furrows are made about 4 feet apart, and as 
straight as any existing roots, stones, ete., will permit; the small 
surface roots of the former crop, however, being the only obstacles 
encountered on properly cleared ground. The head of the plough 
is attached to the axle of two wooden wheels, whereby the depth of 
the furrow is regulated. The seed having been dressed with red- 
lead to protect it from birds, is either sown by hand, or by means 
of the numerous seed barrows and machines for the purpose; the 
method adopted varying with the nature of the ground and other 
circumstances. On flat, fully cleared land, a seed-barrow is usually 
made use of, which deposits the seed in one or two drills; a small 
rake dragged in the rear covering it in. These machines are of 
various sizes, the larger requiring two men, and the smaller one man 
to work them. On average ground they can get over about an acre 
or more per hour, according to the width between the rows. For 
sowing rough ground a seed-box is sometimes used, which is a long 
narrow box about 4 feet in length, and about 3 inches broad and 
deep. This box is slung over the shoulder by a strap, and the seed 
ejected by working a spring at the bottom of the box. The most 
common method employed in rough ground, however, is hand- 
sowing, for which women are employed. The workers are divided 
into two squads, one sowing, and the other covering in the seed 
with rakes, the former carrying the seed in small earthenware jars. 
They are usually preceded by two men with a heavy narrow roller, 
on the face of which are ridges for the purpose of making small 
furrows for the reception of the seed; but where many small 
surface roots exist, the latter interfere greatly with its effectiveness. 
The quantity of seed used is about 6 kilogrammes per hectare, 
or about 6 pounds per acre, which rarely proves too much by 
the time the young plants have gone through the critical periods 
of their early life. The greatest enemy that they have to contend 
