302 CHR. KRUUSE 
common rocky-flat formation, 2) The gravel-flats, 3) The 
gravelsand-slopes, 4) Gravelhills, 5) Sandy-slopes. 
1. The common rocky-field formation is found on wind- 
open plateaux, hills and declivities, where bordering rocks rise suffi- 
ciently and keep the intervening loose soil tolerably firm. Its flora, 
common and rare, is mentioned on page 266. It may be noted that 
Empetrum, Vaccinium and Salix make up only a slight part of the 
vegetation, only rise up to 4 cm above the bottom and that there 
are meterlong interstices between the species. The mosses (noted on 
top of page 267) are few, tuftshaped, not coverforming. 
2. The gravel-flats resemble the preceeding form, but solid 
rock is wanting, the bottom is horizontal, consists of coarse gravel 
often relaid by the winter gales and most often snowless. The flora 
(noted on page 269) is scanty, mostly ligneous plants, which stand 
solitarily with meterlong intervals, and which are strongly wind- 
eroded or covered by gravel (fig. 41). A special form of gravelly 
flats are marine terraces consisting of rolled stones and sand with 
a spare dwarf-vegetation. An instance of the flora of such a terrace, 
very rich in species, is noted on page 276. 
3. The gravel-slopes consist of coarse weathering gravel 
heaped up in steep slopes by the wind or by wildbrooks, -or just slid- 
den down from adjacent mountains. The vegetation is made up by 
Silene acaulis, Salix glauca, S. herbacea and Armeria siberia, which 
all of them have long (2—3 m) tap-roots, by the aid of which they 
are anchored in the bottom; besides are found: Chamaenerium lati- 
folium, Saxifraga oppositifolia f. reptans, Luzula confusa and Cerastium 
alpinum which, as they cannot keep a good hold, slowly glide down- 
wards and stop at the bottom or are covered by gravel. 
4. The surfaces of the gravelhills carry a somewhat dif- 
ferent vegetation due to the greater stability of the surfaces, which 
are often paved with big stones. The vegetation is noted on p. 272, 
bottom of the page. Е 
5. The sandy slopes with loose, gliding, dry sand are in- 
hahited only by Chamaenerium latifolium (fig. 26). If the sand is moist, 
it may be covered by tufts of Oxyria, which stand with intervals 
from 30—60 cm (fig. 18). 
New Soil (p. 273). 
New soil is found in the shape of mountain-slides, in the boulder- 
débris of wild brooks, moraines, moraine-flats and kingua-flats. 
The mountain-slides are covered but slowly by new vegeta- 
tion; in a years’ old mountain-slide I found only a few and small 
specimens of Oxyria, Salix herbacea, Saxifraga decipiens and Tortula 
