1828.] 
to do, for the exclusive advantage of Chili. 
Cochrane made demands upon San Martin, 
which he was either unwilling or unable to 
comply, and they separated in anger, and 
Cochrane proceeded to California. 
‘By this time Lima was heartily sick of 
San Martin, and his unoccupied troops ; 
‘and, appointing Torre Tagle swpremo dele- 
gado, he sailed to Guayaquil, to confer with 
Bolivar, and when they at last met, July 
1822, the meeting was productive of little 
satisfaction. The two eminent leaders could - 
come to no agreement—Bolivar insisting 
on uniting Guayaquil to Colombia. Re- 
turning to Lima, San Martin resumed his 
authority ; but in September, the Congress 
assembling, he resigned his office, and being 
honoured with the title of Founder of the 
Liberties of Peru, and a pension of 25,000 
dollars, he finally withdrew from public life, 
and going to Europe, settled at Brussels. 
The Congress now appointed an execu- 
tive committee; and, under the command 
of Alvarado, an expedition was sent to In- 
termedios Puertos, which finally failed at 
all points. A president, Riva Aguero, was 
named (Feb. 1823) ; and, under his direc- 
tion, another effort was made, with 5,000, 
for the same object, commanded by Santa 
Cruz. In the meanwhile Cantarac, the 
royalist commander, finding sundry things 
operating against the patriots—their recent 
defeats—the unsettled state of Chili—the 
anarchy of the Plata provinces—the misun- 
derstandings of Peru and Colombia—deter- 
mined on advancing again upon the capital. 
Before this, however, could be accomplished, 
3,000 Colombian troops had arrived from 
Guayaquil. Bolivar had been invited—and 
Sucre (a diplomatic agent from Colombia) 
had been appointed Commander-in-chief. 
At the head of not more than 5,000, 
Colombians and all, Sucre could not ven- 
ture to meet Cantarac, who immediately 
re-entered Lima at the head of 7,000, 
' (June 1823). This occupation of the capital, 
owever, by Canterac, was of short continu- 
ance. The successes of Santa Cruz, in the 
south, compelled the royalists to muster all 
their strength against him, and Cantarac 
ain evacuated the capital ; and, to shorten 
e story, by October, completely destroyed 
Santa Cruz’s army. 
But soon things turned again in favour 
of the patriots. Bolivar—the only man who 
could save them—arrived at Lima, in Sep- 
tember, and was forthwith invested with 
supreme authority, civil and military. His 
first cares were directed to settling the dis- 
tes of the chiefs, which were, at last, 
ly arranged, by banishing the late 
president—his next to the suppressing a 
mutiny among the troops. In February, 
1824, he was named Dictator, and the 
Congress dissolving itself, left him absolute. 
His whole force was now directed against 
thé royalists ; and, with 6,000 Columbians, 
44,000 Peruvians, the career of success 
scarcely interrupted, up to*the battle 
.M. New Series. —V ou. VI. No. 36. 
Domestic and Foreign. 
641 
of Junin, in August; when leaving the 
army, under Sucre, he returned to Lima to 
attend to affairs on the coast,.and hasten 
the re-inforcements from Colombia. _ Sucre 
was ordered to avoid engagements, but the 
advance of the royalists left him no alterna- 
tive; and, in December, he fought the 
decisive battle of Ayacucho, in which the 
viceroy was taken, and after which the 
royalists were no longer able to muster or - 
rally again. 
In February 1825, a new Congress was 
assembled, and Bolivar resigned the Dic- 
tatorship, and was with difficulty persuaded 
to continue at the head of affairs. In April, 
he set out on a sort of tour of inspection, 
along the coast, to Arequipa—from thence 
to Cuzco la Paz, Puno, and in October to 
Potosi, where Miller received him, and ob- 
tained from him leave of absence, and, as 
has been stated, an honourable testimonial 
of conduct. 
On Boliyar’s return to Lima, some jea- 
lousies arose, and the Peruvians were disposed 
' to get rid ofthe Colombians. Bolivar wished 
to impose on them the code Boliviano. 
The members of the Congress, about to 
assemble on February (1826), were desired 
to submit to Bolivar their qualification ; 
they refused—and he threatened to abandon 
Peru. Petitions were got up—the deputies 
returned home without assembling—he con- 
sented to stay, and was named President 
Sor Life. 
By this time, affairs in Colombia de- 
manded his presence: for Paez refused to 
obey Santendet, the president in Bolivar’s 
absence (Sept. 1826). Once out of the 
country, the party opposed to Bolivar, and 
foreign influence, quickly gathered courage, 
and spoke out. The general feeling was 
the Code Boliviano, and Bolivar himself had 
been forced upon the Peruvians. Elections 
for a new Congress took place, which assem- 
bled in June 1827, deposed Bolivar, and 
elected La Mar president. : 
To return for amoment to Chili—O’ Hig- 
gins, who, as we have seen, was named 
Supreme Director, after the battle of Co- 
chabucho, continued in that office till June 
1823, affecting, on many occasions, and by 
sundry changes, to give his fellow-citizens a 
constitutional government, till at last, wea- 
ried by the delusions practised upon them, 
and exasperated by the tyranny, not of 
himself, but of his agents, the people rose 
in tumults, and drove him from his throne. 
A Congress followed, and General Preyre 
was elected Director, who finally captured the 
island of Chiloe. In 1826, Freyre resigned 
and Admiral Blanco soon after. The 
office is now held by General Pinto, a man, 
it seems, of liberal sentiments, and a culti- 
vated mind. 
From Miller’s book, some account, also, 
of the changes and progress of Buenos 
Ayres, and Bolivia, or Upper Peru (cor 
sisting of what were formerly Plata pro- 
vinces) might be obtained, but not with the 
4N : 
