214 Munthli) Review of Liieralnrc. QAugust, 



w, which is sounded like v, at the beginning of a word, and like /, in the 

 middle or at the end of one. Thus Warsawa is Varsafa, and Narew is 

 Nareff. 



c, like tr, and never like Jc ; thus Pac is Patz. 



g, like g in Gibbon ; thus Oginski. 



ch, like Jc ; thus Lech is Lek. 



cz, like ich in pitch ; thus Czartoryski is Tcharioryski. 



sz, like sh in shape ; thus Staszyc is Stuahyiz. 



szcz, like shtch ; thus Szczerbiec is Shicherbietz. 



rz, like^', with a slight sound of r ; thus Rzewuski is lijevusJci. 



The Principles of English Composition, &c., by David Booth, Author 

 OF THE Analytical Dictionary. 



This little volume is distinguishable for the independent view which the author 

 has taken of his subject — the distinctness and facility with which he decom- 

 poses and recomposes the details, and the good and well-reasoned principles 

 which direct his critiques. For our own parts we should as soon think of 

 teaching common sense, as the art of writing ; and art, no doubt, it is in more 

 senses than one, if it be to be taught. Nevertheless, there is no harm in point- 

 ing out the technical informalities, or essential blunders, or in tracing the 

 sources of correctness, or even in attempting to fix a standard of taste, and 

 direct the efforts of aspirants — for none but common minds require such aids, 

 or will be influenced by such rules. The tendency of such books is to produce 

 a cold and decorous correctness — a not undesirable result for the class which 

 alone will make use of them. 



As a proof of Mr. Booth's perfect qualification for his undertaking we quote 

 his " shall and Will." No Englishman is ever puzzled about the use of these 

 words, though he never subjects himself to the torture of analysis. Mr. Booth, 

 himself a Scotchman, has devised a rule, perhaps a successful one, in accord- 

 ance with English practice ; but it is evidently one which requires closer thinking 

 at the moment than can ever be brought into play at the moment, to work it 

 into a habit. 



" General Rule. — If the speaker is the nominative to the verb, and also determines 

 its accomplishment ; — or, if he is neither the nominative to the verb nor determines 

 its accomplishment,— the proper auxiliary is will: — in every other case it is 



SHALL." 



" Miscellaneous Examples. — ' I will speak.' Here I is the nominative and also 

 determines the act to speak, which therefore requires we//. Had the speaker simply 

 declared the act as a future, without alluding to his determination, the phrase 

 should have been ' I shall speak.' 



" ' He says that James will be hanged.' This is a compound sentence, and will be 

 better understood by reversing the clauses thus : ' James will be hanged, — he says 

 that.' We have then only to consider the simple sentence, ' James will be hanged,' 

 in which James is the nominative, but the speaker is not James, neither does he 

 determine James's death ; and, therefore, according to the Rule, trill is the proper 

 auxiliary. Had the speaker been a judge, and pronouncing his fiat irom the judg- 

 ment seat, he would, then, have determined James's death, and the expression 

 would have been ' He says that, James shall be hanged.' 



" ' My master desires me to tell you that, — he will call upon you to-morrow.' Here 

 it is the servant (not the master) who speaks ; and he is neither the nominative of 

 the verb call, nor possessed of power over the action ; will is, therefore, the proper 

 auxiliary." 



