HISTORY OF EUROPE. 
a soldier, and greatly distinguished 
himself in that capacity especially 
in America, where he rendered es- 
sential service to the congress. Re- 
turned to his country, he was a- 
mongst the foremost openly to pro- 
fess and encourage a determination 
to assert the independence of Po- 
land. When the Russians invaded 
it, in consequence of the constitu- 
tion of 1791, a command of impor- 
tance was conferred upon him, and 
he distinguished himself in all the 
principal actions. It has been as- 
serted, that if his advices had been 
_more frequently adopted, the resist- 
ance to Russia would have proved 
much more effectual, if not wholly 
successful. When that unfortunate 
struggle was over, he went to 
France, where he so far interested 
the principal members of the con- 
vention in favour of his country, 
that they supplied them with a 
very considerable sum of money, 
with which he speeded back to Po- 
land, the moment it appeared pro- 
bable that anotherinsurrection might 
be raised against the Russians. He 
employed the money entrusted to 
him to so good purpose, that about 
the middle of February, 1794, he 
had colle¢ted a Jarge number of the 
_most resolute insurgents, with whom 
he attacked the Prussians in their 
new acquisitions, from many of 
which he drove them with great 
_ Slaughter. He next marched to the 
city of Cracow, which the Russians 
deserted omhis approach. Here he 
was declared commander in chief 
of the Polish confederates, by the 
‘nobility and gentry, who had as- 
sembled there for that purpose, and 
who took an oath of fidelity to the 
cause they had embraced. Aftera 
variety of arrangements for the pro- 
secution of hostilities against the 
[27 
usurping powers, and for the well 
ordering of the affairs of the confe~ 
deracy, the constitution of the year 
1791 was solemnly read and sworn 
to in the cathedral of that city. 
The revolutionary government . 
being thus settled, Kosciusko ad- 
vanced towards Warsaw, with a 
considerable force. The most vi- 
gorous measures had been taken in 
that capital, through the power and 
influence of the Russian ambassador, 
to stop the progress of the insurrece _ 
tion there. Fifteen thousand Rus- 
sians were quartered in that city, 
and more were daily expected, 
The king had found himself under 
the necessity of publishing orders 
against the insurgents, and of issuing 
a proclamation to enjoin obedience 
to government. 
The situation of the king, 
who had lost much of his popu. 
larity, was now, not only irksome, 
but by no means secure from dan 
ger. The people did not scruple te 
afirm, that the king was devoted 
to the interest of Russia, and meant 
to make his escape from Warsaw. 
This suspicion being communicated 
in a manner full oferespect and at- 
tachment to his majesty’s person, by 
a deputation from the council af 
Warsaw, he readily agreed, that 
some persons, in the confidence of 
the people, should be his constant 
attendants. According to his ma. 
jesty’s wish, fourteen citizens were 
appointed his adjutants, two of 
them to do duty at the palace, and 
accompany the king wherever he 
should go, From that time, two 
municipal officers, wearing blue 
scarfs, accompanied him wherever 
he went, and ate at his table. 
On the intelligence that Kosei. 
usko was marching to Warsaw, ba. 
ron Ingelstrohm, the Russian am- 
bassador, 
