658 
Finally ; in 1250, during the adminis- 
tration of Conrad, Landgrave of Thuringia, 
the fifth grand master, Louis the IM. King of 
France, embellished the four points of the 
cross, with four fleurs-de-lis of gold, as a 
remembrance of the sense he entertained of 
the services rendered to hin by the order. 
« The knights acquired so much reputa- 
tion, and such great esteem, by their valour, 
as induced Conrad, Duke of Massovia and 
Cujavia, to send an ambassador in 1229, to” 
their grand mapter, Herman de Salza, de- 
manding his friendship, and’ requesting that 
eneral, in case of need, to assist hing with 
his forces against the Prussians. 
«* Wishing to attract the order into his 
states, the duke granted to the knights, the 
countries of Culms and Lobau; and whatever 
they might conquer from the Prussians ; to 
the end that the latter might be deprived of 
all their possessions, in his dominions. 
« This donation he sent to the grand 
master ; and it was afterwards confirmed by 
Pope Gregory the IX. 
«« During the regency of Hernan de Salza, 
the order of the knights of Porte-Glaives, ex- 
isting in Livonia, under their General Vol 
uin Schenk, was, by the command of the 
Pope aborementioned, united with this 
order. 
< This union was effectuated at Rome in 
the year 1238, according to some opinions ; 
orin 1234, according to others. The knights 
were then become so: powerful, that they 
were nearly masters of af Livonia and Prus- 
sia; insomuch that they erected nine bishop- 
rics, viz. four im Prussia, and five im Livonia. 
They likewise founded Elbing, Marienburz, 
ie Dantzig, and Kénigsberg in Prussia, 
d several other cities of less inyportance, in 
the same country. 
- In 1298 they completely subdued all 
Prussia, and reduced it entirely under their 
domination ; althoug) it lrad five times re- 
volted against them. 
«© The order made no small progress like- 
wise in Livonia, where it beceune master of 
Sacra and Senvigallia ; aud in 1288, it 
rought the whole province uder its abso- 
lute dominion. 
*¢ 'Firis flustrions order being so powerful, 
the principal cares of the knights were turn- 
ed towards the imaintaining themselves in the 
possession of their conquests ; and to repel 
the attacks of their hostite aud formidable 
neighbours. : 
*¢ Their territories were frequettly invad- 
ed by them, and on that account they were 
compelled to wage heavy wars against the 
- natives of Lithuania and Russia. “Although 
they gained considerable adyantages over 
these people ; nevertheless, such successes 
were niore than counterbalanced by the loss 
of their principal establighment, at cre in 
Syria. his disaster happened during the 
administration of Conrad de Feuchtwangen, 
the XI. grand master. In 1291, Mulech 
Seraph, Sultan of Egypt, made himself mas- 
MISCELLANIES, 
ter of that city, and the remainder of the 
knights were obliged to quit that country. 
« Expelled from Syria, they formed a mo- 
mentary establishment at Venice. Seon af- 
ter they chose Marburg im the country of 
Hesse, as the chief residence of their order ;. 
and ever: now a niagnificent palace belonging. 
thereto, still subsists in that city. Powerful 
considerations however; in TS06, induced 
Godifrev de Hohenlohe, the grand master, to » 
transfer the seat of the order to Marienbur, 
in Prussia; and since then no provinei 
grand master has existed in that country. 
«« The order not only suffered on account 
of the burthensome wars in which it was 
engaged ; it was convulsed and tormby intes- 
tine divisions, during a long series of ears. 
Under the administration of the g mas~ 
ter Conrad de Jungingen, Uladislaus Jageb- 
lon, the then reigning king of Poland, en 
deavoursd to profit by these internal feuds. 
With the assistance of Withold, Duke of 
Lithuania, he attacked Prussia ; but the 
neral of Livonia coming opportunely to the 
aid of the grand master, in the year 1403, 
peace was concluded between Poland and 
the order. ‘This peace was of no long dura- 
tion ; it was broke by Ulrich de Jungingen. « 
Sucly ab infraction of treaties made it neces< 
sary for Uladislaus Jagellen: to combine his 
whyole forees with those of his father Wit- 
hold. B¢ these means, the king assembled 
an army of 150,000 men, with which he at- 
tacked the army of the grand master, amount~ 
ing only to 85,009. The battle began near 
the village of Tonnenberg, on the 15th of 
July 1410, O. S. and thre shughter was > 
prodigious on both sides. The most au~ 
thentic accounts of those times, maintait» 
that the Poles lost 60,000 men, and the? 
knizhts 40,000 men, in this memorable and 
well fought engagement. ; 
«¢ The government of the order becoming 
extremely oppressive, several countries ard 
cities formed an alliance against the knights. 
lt was concluded at Marienwender ; and im, 
1453 the greatest part of Prussia had detach 
ed itself from the order, and put itself under 
the protection of the king of Poland. 
«« This transaction gave rise to awarequally 
violent and bloody. “In 1566 peace was con- 
cluded by the interposition of the Pope; and 
at Thorn the following treaty was made and 
ratified by the Polish monarch, Casimir the 
IV. and the grand master of the order: viz. 
that Pomerelia and the territories of Culm* 
and Michelan, and likewise the cities of Erm- 
land, Marienburg, and Elbing, should be 
ceded to the crown ot Poland: and, that the. 
remainder of Prussia should appéftain to the 
order ; the grand master receiving the inves- 
titre thereof; it being considered as a fief 
belogging. to the kingdom of Peland, and. 
heid by military tenure. j 
«© At length, in the XV ceatury, the 
knights were totally dispossessed of Prussia: 
Albert de Brandenburg, then grand master, 
having embraced the Lutheran religion,, 
