7O4 
he is entitled to go elsewhere for service. 
The thirled tenant is subjected to many occa- 
sional services, from which the free tenant 
is exempted ; such as the upholding of the 
water dam dike ; the upholding, frequently, 
of mille fanners and ml sieves, and the car- 
riage of millstones, when needed; he fur- 
nishes fuel for drying his grain ; he trans- 
ports his grain to and from the mill—furnish- 
mgs provided for him by the miller at free 
mills ; he attends also at the drying process, 
sifts his own meal, and performs the greater 
part of the most laborious work; in all of 
which, his time and labour (in reality, or at 
least in probable imagination) are not well 
husbanded.” 
Tytres. The clergy of Scotland 
are supported upon fixed stipends or sa- 
laries, modified out of the tythes of the 
lands by the court of session: These sti- 
pends are estimated to average 1001. a 
year, besides the dwelling house and 
glebe, consisting of about 10acres. The 
Scots clergyman is bound to residence ; 
and his charge can be declared vacant 
upon six weeks absence without leave to 
that effect, obtained from his presbytery : 
he can hold only one benefice. A degree 
of exception, however, is very properly 
admitted, as an excitement to literary ef- 
fort, in regard to holding professorships 
in universities, when these are removed 
at such a small distance as not to ob- 
struct, in any great degree, the perform- 
ance of parochial duties. 
Chap. XIV. Rural Economy. Justices 
of the peace have powers vested in them 
for the regulation of wages! “They, 
however, very wisely refrain from inter- 
fering in matters which can alone be pro- 
periy regulated by the price of the mar- 
ket.” ‘The rate of wages for hired in- 
door servants was lowered by almost 
one-half from the deficiency of funds for 
the employment of labour through the 
scarcity of crops in 1799 and 1800: they 
are now rising, but have not yet attained, 
by perhaps a fourth says Mr. F. the ex- 
isting rate previous to the years of scar- 
city. Day labour in this part of Scot- 
land is very low: a stout labourer, work- 
zg by the piece, will earn from sixteen to 
twenty-pence a day, without victuals: 
a woman shearer, hired through harvest, 
gets from 20 to 25 shillings with board ; 
x man from 25 to 30. 
Provisions. In sheep farms THE SHEEP 
DYING OF DISEASE ARE USED AS FLESH- 
meav under the designation of traik !! 
Manufactures. A woollen manufactory 
was established at Inverlaithan by Mr. 
Brodie, well-known for his Shropshire 
RURAL ECONOMY AND GARDENING. 
iron-works : the iron-works have of late 
been so much more profitable a concern 
that the woollen has been less attended 
to. There are a few stocking looms in 
Peebles, and one or two manufactories 
of coarse cloths (Mr. F. recommends 
the establishment of one at the village of 
Linton, where there is water to drive 
machinery of a_ considerable feo 
abundance of lime, freestone, coal, 
peat, and a turnpike road of*only 16 
miles to Edinburgh. : 
From long disuetude the Scots poor 
laws may be considered as obsolete. 
« The evil of sturdy begging has, in a 
gteat degree, ceased—having been consigned | 
to the remedies of starving, or the gallows; 
arid the real poor have been left to depend, 
chiefly, upon voluntary charity, without any 
legal proveliae PPB the best footing on 
which the matter can rest, both as to the. 
poor and their providers. From the enorr 
nous extent to which poor’s rates have arisen 
in England, it is probable, that great caution 
will be used in attempting to organize this 
subject, as to Scotland, into any very strict- 
ly defined legal system.” 
Of course there are no officers in Scot. 
land known by the name of overseers and 
churchwardens; the poor having been 
generally throughout Scotland supported 
by voluntary contributions. 
«* Though the statute poor’s laws in Scot- 
land may be considered as obsolete, from dis- 
use; there is, nevertheless, a consuetudina- 
ry law for poor’s rates, though seldom, and 
never generally acted upon: and it would be 
well, if the necessity of acting upon it could 
altogether be superseded, Unlike to funds 
employed in productive labour, which repro- 
duce themselves, together with a profit, 
funds, employed, in support of the poor, are 
altogether annihilated. If an individual, or 
a society are ele) of funds sufficient to 
maintain an hundred persons for a twelver 
month ; supposing these hundred supported, 
idle—the fund perishes in the us¢, and is no 
longer in existence: if, however, it had 
been applied to the support of an hundred, 
as the wages of productive labour, in agri- 
culture, trade, or manufacture, it is equally. 
evident, that such labour would, at the end 
of twelve months, have replaced the fund,: 
with a profit that might be added to it, which 
might enable theensuing twelve months, 
to support andred and ten or twenty 
affording, th additional subsistence for , 
an increasing population, Were the whole. 
funds of society devoted to alms, and con- 
sumed in idleness, mankind would soon re- 
vert to the savage state, having nothing for 
subsistence but natural produce; and the 
one half might repeatedly eat up the other, 
before population was reduced to that limited: 
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