196 ANIMALS OF THE PAST 



greatest development of tusks occurred in Elephas gane- 

 sa, a species found in Pliocene deposits of the Siwalik 

 Hills, India. This species appears not to have exceeded 

 the eocisting elephant in hulk, hut the tusks are twelve feet 

 nine inches long, and two feet tzvo inches in circumfer- 

 ence. How the animal ever carried them is a mystery, 

 hoth on account of their size and their enormotts leverage. 

 As for teeth, an upper grinder of Elephas columhi in the 

 United States National Museum is ten and one-half 

 inches high, nine inches tvide, the grimling face heing 

 eight hyfive inches. This tooth, which is unusually per- 

 fect, retaining the outer covering of cement, came from 

 Afton, Indian Territory, and weighs a little over fifteen 

 pounds. The lower tooth, shown in Fig. 38, is twelve 

 inches long, and the grinding face is nine hy three and 

 one -half inches; this is also from Elephas columhi. 

 Grinders of the Northern Mammoth are smaller, and the 

 plates of enamel thinner, aiul closer to one another. 

 Mr. F. E. Andrews, of Gunsight, Texas, reports hav- 

 ing found a femur, or thigh-hone five feet four inches 

 long, and a humerus measuring four feet three inches, 

 these heing the largest hones on record hulkating an 

 animal fourteen feet high. 



There is a vast amount of literature relating to the 

 mammoth, some of it very untrustworthy. A list of all 

 discoveries of specimens in the fiesh is given by Nor dens- 



