GEOLOGY AND TOPOGRAPHY OF HAWAII. Ill 



that extends across tlie ex]iosed sea-side. Through the reef an entrance has 

 been kept ojien by the waters from Nuuann and the adjoining stream, which, 

 being fresh, prevents the growth of the coral. This natural entrance to the 

 harbor, which has since been deepened and strengthened, was taken advantage 

 of by the natives and by foreign vessels that visited the islands until, in time, 

 the village on the shore grew into a prosperous city. The harbor derived its 

 name not from the harbor itself, but from a small district along the Nuuanii 

 stream a mile from the mouth, — "a district of abundant calm," or "a pleasant 

 slope of restful land," that received its name in turn from a chief called 

 Honolulu, whose name was formed by a union of two words, 'bono,' abund- 

 ance, and ' lulu, ' peace or calm ; hence to speak of Honolulu as a haven of 

 abundant peace and calm is but to transfer tc tlie harlior a poetic descriptive 

 name derived from the adjacent land. 



Along the coast a few miles to the west is the entrance to Pearl Har- 

 bor, which is an enclosed body of water made up of two main divisions, known 

 respectively as East and West Lochs, the latter being much the larger of the two. 

 They combine to form a channel which also carries fresh water sufficient to keep 

 open a passage, through the protecting coral reef, to the sea. This great land- 

 locked harbor is now being developed by the Federal government, by dredging 

 and fortifying its channel, with a view to making of it a great naval base for the 

 United States, as well as the finest and safest harbor in the Pacific. On the 

 opposite or windward side of the island are located Kaneohe Bay and Kahana 

 Bay, both with extensive coral reefs across their mouths. The former, a large, 

 beautiful sheet of water, is partially enclosed on one side by Mokapu Point, and 

 on the other by Kualoa headland, but unfortunately it is filled with submerged 

 coral islands, rendering it inaccessible except to small vessels. Waialua Bay, on 

 the northwest shore, while formed by a pronounced curve of the coast-line, is 

 in reality little more than an open roadstead where small coasting vessels can 

 anchor and find shelter from the northeast trades that have full sweep down 

 that coast. Other beautiful bays of much geologic interest and significance 

 occur at various points: Among them should be mentioned Waimea, a few miles 

 beyond Waialua, Laie and Kailua bays on the windward coast, and Ilanauma 

 and Waialae bays between Honolulu and Makapuu Point on the south coast. 



The Koolau and Waianae Mountains. 



Turning to the land itself we find the island formed by the union of two 

 nearly parallel mountain chains. The Koolau Range stretches for thirty-seven 

 miles along the northeast or windward side of the island and, extending from 

 Kahuku to Makapuu points, forms the longest range of mountains in the Ha- 

 waiian group. Along the southwest side extends the Waianae Range, which is 

 about one-half the length of the range along the opposite side of the island. 



Without doubt, the Waianae Range is the older of the two, and with Kaala. 

 the highest point on the i.sland, as its central figure, the range furnishes topo- 

 graphic features of prime importance. Geologists believe this group of nioun- 



