GEOLOGY AND TorociJAI'llY ()V HAWAII. 113 



tiiins to cdiTt'spdiul in ;iut' witli the ('('nlr.-il iIdiiic nl' Kaiuii nml that :iii ciiniiiums 

 iuiiount of erosion lias left bnl the skeleton of a vast ilonie that was luueh higher 

 and more syiiiinetrieal than its time-scarred ontline would now snii'ii'est. 



It is thought that it was lout;- afti'r the Waianae K'anLie ' was forme:l as a 

 separate island, liefore the Koolau Kanui'.-' In-Lian to luiild itself up aliox'e the 

 .sea to form an ainiex. as it were, to the oi-iL;inal island which had Kaala 

 as its center. 'fhns. accordini.; lo Dana and other Lieoloiiists, Oalni was Icirmed 

 as a volcanic doublet — the work of two xnleanoes whose adjacent sides, liv lava 

 flows and hv erosion, have been united in the plains of Walnawa, but whose 

 t'oi'ins have been so eroded th;it the exact position and extent of their cratiU's 

 has not been indicated witli certainty. 



TlIK I'.M.I. 



'i'hc maeiiitude of the second crater is p"rli;ii)s best appreciated from th<' 

 historic landmark and pass thi'ouLih the Koolau K*ain;e known as tlu' Pali, a wor<l 

 siKuit'yint;' in II;iwaiian, a steep prccipii'c. The I'ali is appi-oachcd fi'om liono 

 lulu by ii road tivi> or six nnh's in len'jf h 1 hat w inds up I he lloor of Xunaiin \'al- 

 h'v until at an elevation of l.l'tiT feet, with the peak ol Kanihuli.' on the left. 

 and Konahnaiuii.' the highest peak in the Koolau K'anui-, on the i-ii^ht, il sud 

 deidy ends in a vertical drop of 7011 feet. Several miles of almost \ertical 

 basaltic cliffs, — the eroded walls of this vast crati'i' stretch away on either 

 hanil. 'Pile I'ali is tridy Oahu's scenic lion. It is a natiii'al wcuider. thai as a 

 fienninc sui'prise has nothiuL;' to eipial it in all the woi-ld. Ki-oni its sheer edue, 

 the splendid panoramic \iew id' the windward side of the islaiul is spread out at 

 the observer's feet — a view id' ruL;L;ed mountains, of cliifs. of coinilry side, of 

 qniet bays, of coral strands, and id' the open sea that has l)e>.^L;areil the d(^scri|)tive 

 powers of the most liifiod. 



Here the obsei'vei' comes to appi-i'ciale not onl\ thi' stupendnus const i-netive 

 power (d' nature that has called the island int'- bciii'.';. but also those destructive 

 aii'encies which, throuLih countless ceiilni-ies hax'e lieeii tearinu down the solid 

 rock, disinteLjratinii-, ti-ansport Iul; and dist ribut ini; it accoi'dinL; to w cd-established 

 natural laws. 



With its Ioul:'. \'ertical cralei- wall slandini: abreasi >i\' the niU'lhcast Irade 

 winds, and with the elevation and other coiidilions lavoi-able to bi-ini: about an 

 abundant raiid'all, the Koolau rauizc on the leeward side, especially, has been 

 furrowed from end to end into a series id' dc<>p latci'al valleys, separated from 

 each other by ne.-irly ))arallel i-idi;cs that ai-:' cons]>icnous and sit:nilic,in1 I'ea- 

 tnres of the ucneral toiMiui-aphy of the islauil. The larLici' and more iiupm-taid 

 of these \-alleys and ladi^cs have a general sout h\\estei-ly trend. The streams 

 which l-ise in the section between the Koolau and the Waianae chain, howexcr. 

 are di'llected by reason of llu hiiih plateau at Wahiawa so that part o\' lb, 'in 

 enter tlu' sea at Waialua. while others .join in the Kwa district of the island 



I Fonn,.|l by ill! ..llipti,. ,r,iicr. -'Tho r.M.iiiiiis „t nn rliniKiitfil cTiitci-. =2275 feet. *:!U1.-) fe.-t. 



