THE ANIMAL LIFE OF THE GROUP. 399 



The newly-hatched larvii; of the silkworm is black or dark gray and cov- 

 ered with long, stiff hairs. But as the worm moults it becomes lighter and 

 lighter in color until during the last of the larval period it is creamy white. 

 The cocoon is spun by the worm about itself as a protection and a retreat in 

 which to pupate. It ranges in color through several shades of white, green 

 cream and rose, and varies greatly in size. To secure the silk the cocoons 

 are heated in water or in an oven until the insect is killed; the end of the 

 thread is then secured and the cocoon tinwound. The adult insect is a beau- 

 tiful creamy white moth with two or more distinct brownish lines across the 

 fore wing, and with the abdomen and thorax thickly covered with wooly scales. 



From two to three thousand years before the Christian era, probably five 

 thousand years ago, the silkworm was well and favorably known in the Far 

 East where, in China, silk culture was a well-est;il)lished industi'y. 



The Cabb.\.ge Butterfly. 



The slender green cabbage-worm in due time becomes a cal)bage-butter- 

 fly,''-' and is the white butterfly commonly seen about gardens in tlie islands. 

 It was doubtless introduced from America, where it has long been an intro- 

 duced pest. It Avas first observed in the islands about 1900, and is therefore 

 known as the imported cabbage worm. The species is kept ixnder control in 

 Hawaii by parasites, among them a very miinite fly.'^" 



The Sweet Potato Horn-Worm. 



A conspicuous insect, liable to attract attention, first in the larval state, as 

 the large green or browmish horn-woi'm on sweet potato, and certain morning- 

 glory vines, and later as the hunmiing-bird moth that flies about our electric 

 lights, is in reality the sweet potato sphinx-moth or sweet potato horn-worm."" 

 The worm-like caterpillars often attain a length of three or four inches and 

 are voracious feeders, stripping the leaves from the plants infested. The moth, 

 by reason of its size and the whirring noise produced by its wings, is usually 

 called the humming-bird moth. It measures about three and a half inches 

 across the extended wings, and is the largest common moth in the islands. 



The Cotton Boll-Wdrm. 



The cotton plant in Hawaii, if it successfully survives the attacks of stem 

 maggots, wireworms, cutworms, aphids, Japanese beetles, mealy lings, scales 

 and leaf -rolling caterpillars is liable at last to the attacks of the pink cotton 



^ Protoparce = (Sphinx) convolvuJi. 



Descriptiox of Plate. 



1. Spliin-v. or Humming-bird Moth (Sphinx cmwolvuli). 2. Veilephila lineata. 3. Delle- 

 phila caJida. 4. Agrotis criniyera. 5. Pyralis maiiritialis. 6. Amorbia emigratella. 7. 

 Liiceena boetica. 8. Lyccena boetica (inverted). 9. Ethinia coloaella. 10. Siphanta acuta. 

 11. Perl-insiella sacclmricida. 12. Feregrinus maidas. 13. Zclus renardii. 14. Oichalia 

 grisea. in. Coleotichus blacl-burnice. 16. Slater or Pill-bug {VorceUio scaber). 17. Ani- 

 solabis anindipes. 18. Scorpion (Isometrus maadatus) . 19. Centipede (Scolopeiidra ra- 

 pens). 20. Millipede (Species indet.). 



