THE ANIMAL LIFE OF THE GROUP. 425 



are common in the open eonntry on the hiwlands. Still another species ^^i is 

 fonnd in tlie forest and deep valleys and has doubtless long been a resident of 

 the islands. 



The three genera '-- above mentioned are strong fliers and liable to have 

 been natural immigrants at a less remote time. The n.ymphs feed voraciously 

 on the larviP of mosqx;itoes, and are of value in the struggle to keep them 

 under control. 



The small common white ant,'-"' found about buildings, was doubtless 

 introduced. This species and the peculiar Hawaiian species'-^ found in the 

 native forests are, so far, the only representatives of the white ant family i-'" 

 in the islands. But as indicated in a previoiis chapter, they do much damage. 



Quite recently two species belonging to the ant-lion family'-" have been 

 found in the islands. One of the species '^t occurs on Oahu: the other, and 

 by far the more common, on Hawaii. 



The remaining families '^^ are so small as to hardly attract attention at 

 all, though the Psocids, or "book-lice," are represented by twenty-five or 

 more species, and the list of species could easily be extended by fiu-ther syste- 

 matic study. 



The True Bugs. 



The order nrniliilrra includes many well-known insects with iimuth parts 

 fitted for sucking the juices from fresh vegetation and blood from animals 

 They are well represented by the true bugs, plant-lice, scale insects, aphids 

 and a number of allied families. 



Mr. G. W. Kirkaldy, who devoted nuich time to the portion of the Hawaiian 

 fauna belonging to this order, estimated that there were at least five hundred 

 endemic, migrant and introduced species in the islands, of which number about 

 three hundred and sixty were peculiar to the group. 



As a rule they are represented by small and, in many cases, by rare and 

 inconspicuous species, but as many are well-known pests, the families of great 

 economic importance have been studied by entomologists. As the more im- 

 portant economic species in the various families have been dealt with in 

 another connection, it only remains to mention a few representative examples 

 distributed among the eighteen families recorded from the group, and to note 

 that but twelve of these families have species belonging to the endemic or 

 native fauna. 



In the sub-order, including the true bugs,'-'' the first pair of wings are 

 thickened at the base, ending with thinner extremities that overlap on the 

 back. In this division are found insects that live on the land, in the water, 

 and on the surface of the water in marshy places. 



Of the land species, two i eiireseiitatives of the chinch-bug family '•'^' are 



^-'^ Sijmpetnim blackburni. ^-~ Anax. Tramcn and Puntala. ^-^ Ctttotermes marffinipcnnis. 

 J-* ('alotcrmes castaneus. i-" Termitida;. ^-"^ Myrmeleonido'. ^-" Formicaleo perjurus. 

 ^-^ PsocidcB and EmhiitUF. ^-^ Beteroptera. ^-° Lt/ffteidw. 



