56 
(8) Mild, and at the same time dry, winters are associated with a- 
tendeney of the earth temperature to rise above the average. 
(9) The earth temperatures exhibit a tendency to fall, if not al- 
ready too low, during winters in which, with alternate freezing and 
thawing, the mean temperature is below the normal. 
(10) In the same way even a covering of snow can only to a lim- 
ited extent prevent the cooling of the e: ith when severe cold follows 
the mild and rainy weather of the first part of winter. 
(11) In continuous severe winters, on the contrary, when even 
December generally brings a permanent covering of snow, the nega- 
tive departure of the earth temperature is either limited to the higher 
strata or 1s unimportant. 
(12) A warm spring, which, as a rule, brings only a moderate quan- 
tity of rain, causes a relatively decided rise of the earth temperature. 
(13) When a cold and rainy late winter is directly succeeded by 
warm spring months, the temperatures of only the, upper strata of 
the ground rise, while those of the lower strata may fall still further 
below their normal values. 
(14) In certain warm and at the same time rainy springs the earth 
temperatures remain on an average unchanged with respect a the 
normal [or the cold rain counterbalances the warm weather. C. A.] 
(15) An exceptionally cold spring, which is generally distinguished 
by heavy snows, is, with few exceptions, accompanied, and to a con- 
siderable depth, by a notable lowering of the temperature of the 
ground in comparison with its normal temperature. 
(16) In cold and at the same time dry spring weather the relative 
lowering of the temperature of the ground will generally be incon- 
siderable if it has not been preceded by an immediate very rainy - 
season. 
(17) A warm summer is always accompanied by a high temperature 
of the ground or by a rise of its temperature. The increase is the 
more decided the more the excess in the temperature of the air is 
accompanied by a large quantity of rain or has been immediately 
preceded by it. In warm and comparatively dry summers the rise 
of the earth’s temperature does not perceptibly exceed the normal. 
(18) The relative lowness of the temperature of the soil which fol- 
lows without exception a cool summer generally extends down only 
to a comparatively moderate depth, scarcely to 4 meters. Those 
months in which we find it extending to 6 meters will be found to 
have been at the same time rainy months. 
(19) A warm autumn, w ith very few exceptions, causes a corre- 
sponding small rise in the temperature of the soil, but this may even, 
on the contrary, become a fall when the late autumn, by reason of 
much rain, resembles a mild type of winter. 
(20) Low air temperature is generally accompanied in autumn by 
an excess of rain, the consequence of which, as regularly and _ fre- 
quently observed, is a falling in the temperature of the earth. 
(21) In the rarer cases of cool and dry autumns there is observed 
only a very inconsiderable influence on the temperature of the earth. 
(22) The dampness of the soil is (under the climatic influences 
prevailing in Munich) sufficient to allow the variations in the tem- 
perature of the air in winter and spring to exercise a decided influence 
upon those of the soil, whereas in summer an excess of rain would be 
