63 
daily maximum air temperature. Rainfall lowers the temperature of 
the soil, as on March 18, 1890, at 8 inches depth by 2° F., but at 24 
inches depth by 0.5° F. At 12 inches depth the soil was not frozen 
throughout the year, but at 8 inches it was frozen up to the 7th of 
March. The soil temperatures were read daily at 3 p. m.; the soil was 
naturally dry and light, and was covered with a thin grass. The 
thermometers were maximums and minimums, apparently read from 
above ground without being disturbed in their positions. 
Observations at Pendleton, Oreg., in 1890. 
[From the Monthly Reports of the Oregon State Weather Bureau. | 
Jan. | Feb. | Mar.| Apr.| May.|June.| July. Aug.|Sept.| Oct. | Nov. 
| 
Air temperature. . 
Pak Cera | Se OMAR OWA Ong III. Ora aaa | nae Ora 
Absolute maximum temper- 
UUme soos eset sacs | 60.0 | 58.0} 70.0 | 89.0 | 91.0 |100.0 |105.0 | $9.0 | 90.0 | 73.0 | 68.0 
Absolute minimum temper- | ; 
PUR Ome ee saa ey See je cee —16.0 |—18.0 | 10.0 | 21.0 30.0 | 36.0 | 40.0 | 44.0 | 26.0 | 24.0] 14.0 
Mean of maximum tempera- | | | 
QUIRD oa eee ee eee eee eee | 29.1] 39.7 | 51.5 | 67.9 | 75.0 | 76.6 | 87.2 | 88.5 | 80.6 | 64.5 | 57.2 
Mean of minimum tempera- | | 
(UUTOt ee shane ee tes tos 13.0 | 20.5 | 32.5 | 36.6 | 45.2 | 49.4 | 50.5 | 49.L | 89.5 | 34.8 | 23.6 
2.2 | 60.1 | 63.0 | 68.8 | 68.8 | 60.0 | 49.6 | 40.4 
Monthly mean temperature.) 2].0 | 30.1 | 42.0 | 52. 
Precipitation. | 
Total monthly rainfall... @1.19 | a1.52 |a2.04 |a0.17 |a1.51 (1.80 \a0.08 \a0.07 |a0.27 \a0.63 | 20.01 
Soil temperature. 
4-inch depth: | 
Maximum ©. 552.2... 525.: | 38.0 | 49.0 | 55.0 | 76.0 | 81.0 | 90.0 | 92.0 | 86.0 | 80.0 | 64.0 | 53.0 
Vinmsioa ane ye Se ee | 16.0] 26.0 | 80.0 | 48.0 | 60.0 | 61.0 | 74.0 | 75.0 | 62.0 53.0 | 40.0 
WICH ee ee See cea eee 26.7 | 37.3 | 44.9 | 62.2 | 72.3 | 74.2 | 84.6 | 83.3 | 73.2 57.4 | 45.8 
8-inch depth: | | | 
Maximum ____.___-. ake Hea | 33.0] 44.0 | 49.0] 68.0 | 72.0 | 80.0 | 83.0 | 78.0 | 71.0 | 60.0} 49.0 
Minima time seca s= oee | 20.0 | 29.0 | 30.0 | 48.0 | 59.0 | 61.0 | 72.0 | 71.0 | 64.0 | 50.0] 38.0 
Wieanee.<2. 3-5. tea eered | 27.8) 36.6 | 40.9 | 55.3 | 66.3 | 68.4 77.6 | 75.8 | 66.5 | 53.7) 43.2 
12-inch depth: | | | | | 
Maximum | 22. - 2.2%. _...| 84.0| 41.0! 46.0 | 62.0 | 67.0 | 71.0 | 78.0 | 85.0 | 70.0 | 63.0 | 51.0 
Mima 6-2 2. | 27.0 | 33.0 | 33.0 | 46.0 | 58.0 | 60.0 | 69.0 | 71.0 | 64.0 | 51.0] 40.0 
‘Toa a es | 30.4) 37.1 | 39.8 | 52.2 | 63.1 | 65.8 | 73.7 | 73.3 | 65.7 | 54.7 | 45.2 
24-inch depth: . | | 
Marimiram 26.2 222 soe .o- | 38.0| 40.0 | 45.0 | 58.0 | 64.0 | 66.0 | 74.0 |.73.0 | 70.0 | 64.0 | 54.0 
Miamimam. 22-22 0.--.. 0: | 33.0 | 35.0 | 36.0 | 45.0 | 58.0 | 61.0 | 68.0 | 71.0 | 64.0 | 54.0] 44.0 
TSS ee eee 34.6] 38.1 40.1 | 50.1 | 60.9 | 63.7 | 30.7 | 71.7 | 66.7 | 57.3 | 48.5 
“ Inches. 
SOIL TEMPERATURES OBSERVED AT MONTREAL, CANADA. 
As illustrating temperatures of the ground in a very cold locality, 
I quote the work of Messrs. C. H. McLeod and D. P. Penhallow, of 
McGill College Observatory, Montreal, who have maintained a series 
of observations of the temperature of the earth by Becquerel’s method, 
in which the temperature of a coil of wire in the laboratory is brought 
to equality with the temperature of a similar coil buried in the 
