122 CARNIVORA. 
Order V.-CARNIVORA. 
Unguiculate Mammals with never less than four well developed 
toes on each foot, all of which are usually clawed. Pollex and 
hallux never opposable to the other digits. Dentition diphyodont 
and heterodont, the teeth always rooted, consisting, in each 
ramus, of generally three incisors, the outer one being always the 
largest ; of a strong, conical, pointed, recurved canine, and of a 
variable but usually more or less compressed, pointed, and 
trenchant series of molars. Brain never destitute of well marked 
convolutions. Stomach simple. Cccum absent or short and 
simple. Mamme abdominal and variable in number. Clavicle 
often entirely absent, and when present never complete. 
Habits.—Carnivorous and sanguivorous, sometimes omnivorous. 
Suborder I.—Fissipedia. 
Carnivores fitted for a terrestrial or mainly terrestrial pro- 
gression and mode of life. Incisors almost always % on each side. 
In the molar series there is always one specially modified tooth 
in each ramus, which is termed the ‘sectorial ” or ‘“ flesh-tooth,” 
and is usually enlarged ; in the upper this tooth is the last pre- 
molar, in the lower the first molar. 
Group—CYNOIDEA. 
Head elongate ; tail moderate or rather long ; limbs fairly 
developed, the feet digitigrade. Fore toes, except in the African 
genus Lycaon, five, the pollex, however, being short and non- 
functional; hind toes in all wild species four. Claws blunt, 
nearly straight, and non-retractile. Organs of scent, sight, and 
hearing highly developed. Auditory bulla much dilated, rounded, 
and subdivided. Paroccipital process flattened against the bulla 
and projecting behind. Condyloid and glenoid foramina distinct. 
Ceecum elongate and generally folded on itself. Clavicles rudi- 
mentary. 
Vertebre.—C. 7, D. 13, L. 7, 8..3, Cd. 17 = 22. 
Habits.—Carnivorous, but some, especially of the smaller forms, 
are omnivorous. Many of the species, such as the Wolf and the 
Cape Hunting Dog, are gregarious and hunt in packs, others, as 
for instance the Fox, hunt singly or at most in pairs, and show 
extraordinary cunning both in avoiding danger to themselves and 
in securing their prey ; many are fossorial. 
Note.—Prof. Huxley has divided this Group into two parallel 
series, the Thooid or Lupine forms and the Alopecoid or Vulpine 
forms, characterised by the presence of frontal air-sinuses in the 
