NEW MICROSCOPES—SEIDEL AND WINTER 213 
presence of such diplococci in hanging-drop preparations of the filtrate 
of a normal rabbit brain. Dr. Rosenow has since revealed these organ- 
isms with the ordinary microscope at a magnification of 1,000 diam- 
eters by means of his special staining method and with the electron 
microscope at a magnification of 12,000 diameters. Dr. Rosenow has 
expressed the opinion that the inability to see these and other similarly 
revealed organisms is due, not necessarily to the minuteness of the 
organisms, but rather to the fact that they are of a nonstaining, hyaline 
structure. Results with the Rife microscopes, he thinks, are due to 
the “ingenious methods employed rather than to excessively high 
magnification.” He has declared also, in the report mentioned pre- 
viously, that “Examination under the Rife microscope of specimens 
containing objects visible with the ordinary microscope, leaves no 
doubt of the accurate visualization of objects or particulate matter by 
direct observation at the extremely high magnification obtained with 
this instrument.” 
Exceedingly high powers of magnification with accompanying high 
powers of resolution may be realized with all of the Rife microscopes, 
one of which, having magnification and resolution up to 18,000 diam- 
eters, is now being used at the British School of Tropical Medicine in 
England. In a recent demonstration of another of the smaller Rife 
scopes (May 16, 1942) before a group of doctors including Dr. J. H. 
Renner, of Santa Barbara, Calif.; Dr. Roger A. Schmidt, of San 
Francisco, Calif.; Dr. Lois Bronson Slade, of Alameda, Calif.; Dr. 
Lucile B. Larkin, of Bellingham, Wash.; Dr. E. F. Larkin, of Belling- 
ham, Wash.; and Dr. W. J. Gier, of San Diego, Calif., a Zeiss ruled 
grading was examined, first under an ordinary commercial micro- 
scope equipped with a 1.8 high dry lens and X 10 ocular, and then 
under the Rife microscope. Whereas 50 lines were revealed with the 
commercial instrument and considerable aberration, both chromatic 
and spherical noted, only 5 lines were seen with the Rife scope, these 
5 lines being so highly magnified that they occupied the entire field, 
without any aberration whatsoever being apparent. Dr. Renner, in a 
discussion of his observations, stated that “The entire field to its very 
edges and across the center had a uniform clearness that was not true 
in the conventional instrument.” Following the examination of the 
grading, an ordinary unstained blood film was observed under the same 
two microscopes. In this instance, 100 cells were seen to spread 
throughout the field of the commercial instrument while but 10 cells 
filled the field of the Rife scope. 
The universal microscope, of course, is the most powerful Rife 
scope, possessing a resolution of 31,000 diameters and magnification 
of 60,000 diameters. With this it is possible to view the interior of the 
