LOCUST PLAGUE—UVAROV 345 
Anti-locust campaigns on a similar scale had to be organized also 
in East Africa, where military authorities rendered most valuable 
help with regard to transport and personnel, while the Royal Air 
Force was everywhere playing its part, helping with communications 
and transport. In order to coordinate operations in all British terri- 
tories and the occupied Italian ones, an East African Anti-Locust 
Directorate was established at Nairobi. In Kenya efforts on a par- 
ticularly great scale have been made, with the result that the agricul- 
tural production of the country, which has greatly increased during 
the war, has not suffered to any serious extent. In the past, locust 
invasions in East Africa often entailed wholesale destruction of crops 
and famine resulted. 
A gallant fight has been put up by India, where great difficulties had 
to be overcome in order to centralize the direction of the campaign, 
since locusts were supposed to be the responsibility of each separate 
provincial government, not all of which were equally alive to the 
danger. However, good progress has been made and in 1943 a great, if 
temporary, victory over locusts was won in India, which by the end of 
the year was clear of swarms, but became reinvaded from the west in 
1944 when again a successful campaign was carried out. This rein- 
vasion served to underline the fact that no country can hope to achieve 
a lasting success by its own efforts alone, but all have to work together. 
Ethiopia presented a particularly difficult problem. As in the case 
of Arabia, many parts of Ethiopia serve for the production of locust 
swarms and it was impossible to expect that they would be controlled 
locally. Moreover, previous knowledge of Ethiopia in relation to the 
locust problem was extremely meager. Therefore, a special mission 
was sent to Ethiopia in 1942 with a view to investigate the situation, to 
organize regular locust information service, and to work toward making 
the authorities locust-conscious. By 1944, it was possible to report ex- 
cellent progress in all these directions, but there remained still large 
areas where locusts continued to breed but where it was impossible to 
organize their effective control. These areas of Ethiopia, as well as 
Yemen in Arabia, so far remain beyond the general plan of the cam- 
paign, but in both countries there are hopeful signs of improvement. 
The organization of a series of campaigns of such magnitude would 
have been impossible without the ready cooperation of all governments 
concerned, and of the many civilian, military, and air authorities of 
the Allied nations. Special credit is due to the Middle East Supply 
Centre, an Anglo-American regional economic organization based in 
Cairo, with ramifications over the whole of the Middle East. That 
Centre, advised by the Chief Locust Officer (R. C. Maxwell-Darling, 
succeeded by O. B. Lean), has undertaken to shoulder the heavy bur- 
den of organizing and administering the campaigns in Arabia and 
