348 |= ANNUAL REPORT SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION, 1944 
hatched larvae make their way to the fruit, unless the eggs were al- 
ready there, chew their way in, and feed on the pulp and seeds until 
mature (pl. 2, fig. 2). During the first part of the season many of the 
worms enter through the calyx, or blossom end of the fruit; later most 
of them enter the fruit through the side. The minimum time required 
for a complete life cycle under the most favorable conditions is ap- 
proximately 37 days. The number of generations in a season ranges 
from one, with a negligible fraction of a second, in the more northern 
apple-growing sections, to three nearly full generations and a part of 
a fourth, in the more southern localities in which apples are grown. 
In favorable seasons in such localities, the worm population in late 
summer reaches tremendous numbers. In unsprayed orchards there 
may be five or more worms in nearly every apple, and the crop is com- 
pletely riddled; in many reasonably well-sprayed orchards losses of 
20 to 30 percent are not uncommon. Although a few growers may 
succeed, worm control is an uphill fight under such conditions, and in 
certain localities in which such conditions exist, apple production has 
undergone a serious decline 
CONTROL BY ORCHARD SANITATION 
Until late in the last century, partial control of the codling moth 
was accomplished by various practices which are often referred to as 
“orchard sanitation,” including the trapping of the mature worms 
under bands. The early writers recommended the removal of loose 
bark from the tree trunks, the destruction of rough ground debris, 
and the removal of dead wood from the tree, in order to destroy the 
insects in their hibernating quarters and to eliminate their favored 
cocooning places. The removal and destruction of infested fruit, the 
screening of packing sheds, and similar measures, were also suggested. 
For the purpose of trapping the worms, a number of ingenious types 
of bands and other traps were developed during the nineteenth cen- 
tury. Banding was first suggested about the middle of the century 
(Burrelle, 1840). One of the bands most widely used for a time was 
a hay-rope band (Trimble, 1865) (pl. 3). After a few years, however, 
this type of band gave way to materials more convenient to use, such 
as heavy wrapping paper, burlap, canvas, or flannel cloth. Some 
growers who used the cloth bands killed the worms trapped in them 
by running the bands through a clothes wringer, mounted on a wheel- 
barrow for convenience in operating it and moving it from tree to 
tree in the orchard. Then there was the Wier shingle trap which 
consisted of three shingles placed on the trunk of the tree, and held 
. just far enough apart to furnish an attractive cocooning place. The 
worms were killed by rubbing one shingle against another, or by giving 
the whole device a sharp blow with a hammer. 
