GRASSLAND AND FARMLAND—SMITH 381 
Turkestan, crossed a corner of Persia, and settled in Asia Minor. 
There they increased, organized, and crossed the Bosphorus. Pass- 
ing the walls of Constantinople the invaders established themselves 
in southeastern Europe in the early 1300’s. After generations of war 
they took Constantinople in 1453 and extended their empire into 
Hungary and south Russia. In 1683 the Turkish siege of Vienna was 
raised by John Sobieski, of Poland. 
If you look at the map and locate Tours, the northernmost limit of 
the Arab invasion, and Vienna, the westernmost limit of the Turkish 
invasion, you will see that Christendom has been subjected to a men- 
Camelmen 
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vigosy wou 
Ficure 17.—Human overflow from northern and southern grasslands, as shown 
by Mackinder in the book “Democratic Ideals and Reality,” Henry Holt & 
Company. Small wonder that Mesopotamia, once so fruitful, has lain almost 
idle and almost empty for centuries and centuries. 
acing pincers movement. Fortunately, the different sides pinched in 
different centuries. 
If anyone is inclined to criticize the Balkan peoples for some cul- 
tural, or especially political, shortcomings, let him remember that for 
500 years (13826-1878) the Balkan peoples were subjected to the tyran- 
nous misgovernment of the Turks, from which they but recently 
escaped. 
During much of this long era of Turkish rule there was something 
like guerilla warfare here and there in the broken area we call the 
Balkans. In such a time men think of chieftains, leaders, not such 
abstractions as democracy. In 1943 and 1944 we heard much about 
Mihailovitch and Tito—two.more chieftains. 
