NEW WORLD PALEO-INDIAN—ROBERTS 407 
believed to be related because they were observed lying together 
where the clay substratum had been exposed by the blowing away of 
the surface soils. One typological study based on this material de- 
rived the Folsom type from the Yuma, while another concluded that 
the Yuma was an outgrowth of the Folsom. As a consequence the 
terms Folsom-Yuma and Yuma-Folsom were used for a time. They 
have been dropped by most writers, however, because subsequent in- 
vestigations have shown that the two types are from different com- 
plexes. The early forms of the Yuma may have been contemporary 
with late Folsom types, but their main development was in subse- 
quent periods. Asa matter of fact they continued to be made in some 
regions until almost historic times. Because of this it is obvious that 
Yuma-type points are not as significant as was previously supposed, 
and their presence in a collection may mean little from the standpoint 
of age. 
Sandia Cave (pl. 6), located in the Sandia Mountains northeast of 
Albuquerque, N. Mex., has contributed further evidence on the Folsom 
Complex and in addition contained materials that put it in the cate- 
gory of an individual or unique type of site. Three different assem- 
blages of bones and artifacts were found in distinct levels in the 
cave (Hibben, 1941). One includes cultural objects that are probably 
pre-Columbian in age, yet are comparatively recent in origin. The 
second series consists of specimens from the Folsom Complex, and the 
third group is composed of artifacts that have been called the Sandia. 
The top stratum or upper floor level contained the recent specimens. 
This layer of dust, bat guano, pack-rat dung, and trash rested on a 
hard crust of calcium carbonate that entirely covered and sealed in 
the underlying deposits. Beneath this “floor” was a layer of cave 
breccia containing the Folsom artifacts and bones from bison, mam- 
moth, giant sloth, camel, native horse, and wolf. Below the breccia 
was a stratum of yellow ocher in which were neither bones nor arti- 
facts. Underlying the ocher was another deposit of cave breccia 
similar to that above. The Sandia type implements and bones from 
bison, camel, mammoth, mastodon, and horse came from this layer. 
On the original floor were hearths. One of them was outlined with 
small, rounded stones that must have been carried from the canyon 
below because they were the only stones of that type found in the cave. 
Charcoal, ashes, and fragments of burned bones filled the hearths, and 
alongside the stone-encircled one was a Sandia point. 
Typical Sandia points, the most characteristic artifact in the com- 
plex, are readily recognized because they have a notch at the base on 
one side only (pl. 5, fig. 2). There are two main forms with grada- 
tions between that in some cases are difficult to assign to either cate- 
gory because of their intermediate nature, but all have the basal 
619830—45——27 
