NEW WORLD PALEO-INDIAN—ROBERTS 411 
stream, and this also points to the need for much heavier precipi- 
tation. Study of the general area indicated that only during the last 
' pluvial was it wet enough to support the growth of hickory and to 
supply water for such a stream. In combination with the remains 
of extinct animal forms this factor again implies a terminal Pleisto- 
cene age for the artifacts. Most of the latter are grinding or hammer- 
ing stones; there are only a few knives and scrapers and no projectile 
points. The absence of points is somewhat puzzling. It is possible 
that bone or hard wooden points were used and that these have not 
been preserved in recognizable form or have completely disappeared. 
From present evidence it seems that the culture had an economy 
based on food gathering. In the subsequent stages more flaked im- 
plements were made, and there is some indication of a certain amount 
of hunting. The second and third stages fall in the Recent period 
and material from them correlates closely with that in the levels 
in Ventana Cave lying between the disconformity and the upper strata 
containing the recent remains (Haury, 1943). 
Implements from Pinto Basin and Lake Mohave, in the desert area 
in southern California, practically duplicate those in the upper levels 
of Ventana Cave and the later stages of the Cochise. Lake Mohave 
and Pinto Basin are formations attributed to the pluvial of late Pleis- 
tocene times, and artifacts are found along their old beach and shore 
lines. From this it has been suggested that the implements must have 
been contemporaneous with the ancient lakes (Campbell, 1935; Sym- 
posium, 1937). Because this material is mainly from the surface, and 
in view of the fact that similar artifacts in the Cochise Culture and 
Ventana Cave are definitely Recent, it does not seem that they should 
be considered evidence for an early occupation of the district. That 
people actually were in the California desert area at approximately 
the same time as those who made the artifacts present in the bottom 
of Ventana Cave seems probable, however, as sporadic occurrences of 
implements suggestive of the Folsom Complex are found there and 
one supposed Folsom site has been reported although there are no data 
on it thus far. 
In north-central Texas deeply buried occupation levels (pl. 9, fig. 2), 
hearths, and graves in the banks of various streams and their inter- 
mittent tributaries yield information and specimens that suggest rela- 
tively early inhabitation of that region. The oldest appears to center 
in the Abilene district, where there are a number of stratified sites in 
which different types of artifacts are found at depths ranging from 
4 to 30 feet beneath the surface (Ray, 1930). In the lowest levels are 
charcoal, crude tools of the heavy scraper, hand-ax, and chopper types, 
and thick leaf-shaped points thinned at the base by the removal of a 
broad, short flake from one side. This treatment is suggestive of that 
