1902.] SPIDERS FROM BORNEO AND SINGAPORE. 267 
cephalothorax and a slender abdominal peduncle, so that the 
triple division of the insect-body is well imitated. The abdominal 
peduncle appears to bear a small scale and the abdomen is 
elongated ; the elbowed antenne of an ant are mimicked by the 
anterior pair of legs of the spider. I have not been informed 
whether this species, like the preceding, lives in company with 
its models, 
VIII. CONVERGENT GROUPS. 
There are certain combinations of colours in distasteful or 
otherwise specially protected insects which may be considered as 
warning: such are, black with yellow bands, black with one broad 
red band, black with white tips to the wings, yellow or red with 
black spots, red elytra or wings more or less broadly tipped with 
black ; and we find insects, belonging to the most diverse orders, 
with one or other of these combinations of colours converging to 
a central form, a typical distasteful insect. Some of these con- 
verging forms may be non-immune and pseudaposematic (examples 
of Batesian mimicry); others may be distasteful themselves and 
synaposematic (examples of Miillerian mimicry). For example, 
all the Lycidee are strongly distasteful, as I have proved by 
repeated experiments !, and large numbers of them show the same 
type of coloration, the anterior third or two-thirds of the elytra 
being red, the posterior two-thirds or third black, whilst the head 
and thorax are black or red. Resembling the members of this 
group are ten species of Longicorns, belonging to four subfamilies, 
one Clerid, two Hispids, two Elaters, one Rhipidocerid, one 
Eucnemid, or seventeen Coleoptera in all, one moth and several 
Hemiptera. The Lycide, then, may be considered as distasteful 
insects which are characterized by a definite type of warning 
coloration, whilst the coloration of the insects which resemble them 
so closely can hardly be looked on as essentially typical of the 
groups to which the insects belong. The conspicuous Lycid, 
Lycostomus gestrot 2 ,is mimicked by three Longicorns—Lrythrus 
apiculatus vav., L. rotundicollis and sternalis, and by Hurycephalus 
lundi, by a moth, Phauda limbata, by at least four bugs, of which 
Yetatops rubiaceus and Serinetha abdominalis alone have been 
identified. 
The arrangement of colours in the Lycid Metriorrhynchus 
kirschi, in the Longicorns Ephies dilaticornis and Hrythrus biapi- 
catus, i the Hispid Gonophora wallacei var., and in a Clerid of 
the genus Tenerus (7. sulcipennis (Gahan)) is almost identical. 
C laloehromess dispar is mimicked by the Longicorns Pyrestes eximius 
and P. virgata, by a Rhipidocerid of the genus Hnnomates, and by 
an unidentified Euenemid. The Lycids Ditoneces sp. near fusci- 
cornis and Taphes brevicollis, the Lamiid Longicorn A yaste torrida, 
1 A strong vitality is correlated with this distastefulness; I have seen a Lycid 
beetle walk away apparently uninjured after it had been well pecked by two or three 
fowls. The distasteful Endomychidx are also difficult to kill (ef. also vitality of 
Danaine, Acreine, ard Heliconine noted by various authors). 
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