430 REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1891. 



boues, loug face aud heavy square jaw, black hair, somethues wavy, 

 and full beard. This type is found in the north province Ham-Kiung- 

 do, and in the extreme south, in Kinng-s. u-do.* 



"Among the gentry it is by no means uncommon to meet almost an 

 English face, with round cheeks, small, aquiline nose, well-cut mouth 

 and chin. Even a bright blue eye is not unknown, and the hair is by 

 no means invariably pure black."t 



Korean cities are surrounded with heavy battlemented walls of 

 squared masonry studded with portholes, but without cannon, and hav- 

 ing gateways of woodwork aud tile. In every respect the fortifications 

 resemble those of Chinese cities. (PI. ii.) There are many strongly 

 fortified hill towns for refuge of the people during invasions. Villages 

 are often fortified. Outside of the villages are the pastures and farms. 

 (PL III.) 



The houses are low, of one story, thatched with straw or with tiled 

 roofs. They are of stone, and in point of stability excel those of the 

 Japanese, who necessarily build with regard to earthquakes. Hewn 

 masonry is common, but the walls are usually laid up of unhewn stone, 

 tied with millet stalks before the spaces are filled with mud. The 

 windows are few in number, square, covered with paper, and run in 

 grooves; outside they are protected by heavy shutters. The roof is 

 very heavy, with low pitch, but does not turn np at the eaves like the 

 Chinese roof. The massive beams which support the roof lose one- 

 third of their value by being pared away at the ends to fit into sock- 

 ets cut in the top of wooden pillars. The brick and stone work between 

 the pillars do not give much support to the roof."! A small city-house 

 would be built in the shape of an L on two sides of a courtyard. A 

 heavy wall separates each house from its neighbor. The entrance from 

 the street is into a lobby, on either side of which is the kitchen and 

 store room. The sleeping and living rooms open into a wide hall or 

 onto a piazza which runs along the side next the yard. Larger houses 

 are more complicated, but they preserve the hall and piazza feature. 

 Often a portion of the house is made of wood and used only iu summer. 



Houses are heated by the kang, which consists of wedge shaped 

 flues under the stone floor, leading into a chimney. Farmers' huts are 

 poor structures of stone, with the straw roof held down by a lacing of 

 ropes and with the inevitable gourd vine climbing over it. (PI. iv.) 



There are three classes of people in Korea: (1) nobles; (2) middle 

 class, consisting of doctors, painters, interpreters, scribes, and lower 

 oflicials; (3) lower class, consisting of those who do manual labor. In 

 the lowest rank of the last-mentioned class are butchers and tanners. 

 The bulk of the population are farmers (PI. v), who raise little more 



*L^on de Rosny : Les Corc^eus. Apei^u etliuograpLiqiie et historique, Paris, 1886, 

 1 vol., p. 90. 



t W. R. Carles: Receut Jourueys in Korea, Proc. Roy. Geog. 8oc., May, 1886, p. 89. 

 t Carles, loc. cit. 



