530 REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1891. 



Trajaii column show au oijen gratiug upon tlie railiTig, the aujjle of 

 which, apparently, served the pnrpo.se of thole pins and rendered their 

 application necessary for the upper tier of oars;' generally, however, 

 even the ships of several tiers of oars had for each tier holes cut into 

 the planks and required thole ]»ins,''* As at ]>resent, one thole was 

 used in antiquity on the Mediterranean.' 



The walls of the ancient war-ship, pointed at both ends,^ do not np- 

 pear to have been absolutely parallel amidships, but slightly bulged 

 out;^ vertically they fell to the water-line almost peri>endicularly.'^ A 

 projection of the ship's wall of 4") degrees toward the water-line is 

 suggested by some,' but lejected by others who do not concede that 

 the ancient pictures justify sucli an assumption, since such a form would 

 secure but indifferent stability in the water. 



The prow was often ornamented with carvings whirh possibly corres- 

 ponded to the name of the shi])." The eyes^ upon both sides of the 

 prow in men-of-war, often taken for hawse-holes, were either painted'" 

 or carved and titted in the prow. Their object ap[)ears to have been 

 symbolic and intended to show the watchfulness to prevent accident." 



External strengtheniirg was had by nailing planks upon the external 

 wall in a horizontal direction ( IWt/e.s), which by means of perpendic- 

 ular bolts were fastened to each other, forming a network which had 

 a tendency materially to strengthen the structure.'^ Corresponding 

 pieces (Weger) were fastened to the inside, possibly serving as a layer 

 for the lower oar-rows in polyeres, in order to s])are the thin outside 

 planking.'^ 



Metal covering was not applied to the ships of antiquity,'^ but they 

 were caulked and covered witli a coat of i)itch and tar, and finally par- 



^Assmann: Seewesen, p. 1608, 1628; Banmeister: Denkmaler, iii, p. 1627. 



" Boeckh: Urkuudeii iiber das SeeATesen des attischen Staates, p. 103. 



^ Breitsiiif/: Naiitik der Altcn, ]». 38; Assmanii: Seewesen, p. 1609. 



' HcUng: Das lioiiieriscbe Epos aiis den Denkmiilorn erlaiitert, p. 161, foot note 1. 



^Aristot: De part, aiiini. 4, 10. 



"Brunii; Verb. d. 35. Philol. Vers. p. 171; Lemaitre: Revue Aich^ol. 1883, i, ji. 

 134; Breusing: Naiitik der Alten, p. 39; Assmaiin: Seewesen, p. 1607. 



'ie Eoy: Sur la marine des auciens (Histoire de FAcad. roy des inscript. et belles 

 lettres, xxxviii, 1777, p. 542); Mehill (by Powuall) A treatise on tbe study of autiq. 

 fiities, London, 1782, p. 233; Botfjlh: Urkimden, p. 115; Smith: Uebpr de» Scbiftban 

 lief Griecben nnd Romer, p. 40. 



^Assmami: Seewesen, ]>. 1(>06. 



■' A8s7naHn: Zur KenutnisH der antiken Sdiiffc In .Jabrbuch des Dentscben 

 arehaoloi-. lustit, 1889. Heft2, p. 99; A.%sma)ni: Seewesen, p. 1597 and 1613; lioeckh: 

 IMcundeii, p. 103; Jal: La Flotte de Cdsar; Bftiimeistcr: Uenkmiiler. iii, p. 1617, 



'^ BlUiitver: Tecbnologic, iv, ji. 455. Note 3. 



^^ Assmann: Ziir Kenutniss, &c. In Jabrbucb d. 1). arcb. Inst., 1889. Heft 2, p. 

 99; AssmoHii: Seewesen, p. 1597. 



^^ Assmaiin: Zur Kenntuiss, Av. In Jabrbucb d. D. arcb. Inst., 1889. Heft 2, p. 

 102; Assmann: Seewesen, p. 1628. 



^■^ Assmanii: Seewesen, p. 1602. 



'^Ucbor die Alexandreia des Hierou. v. Syrakus, 



